The commercial edge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The commercial edge - Essay Example The Commercial Edge Inc. is an organization offering professional quality commercial landscaping on a contractual basis. The services are offered to commercial clients only, meaning those individual households do not qualify (Hughes n. p). This is because the company has vast experience of working with commercial firms and understands their requirements and professional impressions (Hughes n. p). The business also offers favorable rates to commercial clients who have the option of contracting them instead of employing full time laborers. However, the potential problems are also present in this business, such as it is not easy to secure contracts with commercial clients. This arises because they prefer the full time gardeners to commercial landscapers because of the perceived charges attached. Another problem is that the professional landscaping is still not popular among the commercial clients (Hughes n. p). As a result, it requires publicity to inform the potential clients of the benefits associated with this new venture. It is also apparent that the domestic gardeners offer cheap services and do not have a contractual responsibility, making it a lucrative

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Example for Free

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Ashley Floyd Fields This dissertation examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a Literature Review and a study of measures within organizations. In the Literature Review, the nature and experience of the use of intuitive skills and abilities will be examined and discussed. Research questions regarding the relationship between intuitive-type thought processes and methods of thinking and decision-making are considered. Finally, the Literature Review will explore rational and non-logical processing styles in decision-making and the organizational positioning which call for an intuitive approach. Using a survey instrument, the study will examine group differences in measures for individuals having various positions and functions within a variety of organizations. Dr. Gary Salton’s Organizational Engineering concepts (Salton, 1996) which are consistent with the concept of intuition, provide the focus of this study. Organizational Engineering differs from other theories by looking at intuition as a phenomenon arising naturally from the information processing and decision-making methods and modes employed by individuals. The research question is: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? The research question was tested by five interrelated hypotheses. Three hypotheses were designed to examine both the Reactive Stimulator and Relational Innovator style component and their proposed relationship to hierarchy. In addition, two hypotheses were designed to test Research Development, Information Technology, and Customer Service for the relative level of intuition required to discharge these functional responsibilities effectively. All of the study hypotheses were found to perform as anticipated at a very high level of significance. However, in Hypothesis 2, the level of Reactive Stimulator did vary systematically within leadership ranks. Ashley Floyd Fields In fact, individuals using an unpatterned method (organization of data being input) and a thought and/or action mode (character of intended output) would arrive at decision options which would not appear to follow any of the standard, logical, and/or existing processes. Thus, an outside observer would tend to attribute the unexpected idea as arising from some sort of insight process founded on intuition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation, I continually thought of its beginning, when, in an intuitive moment, I decided to research the use of rational and non-rational thought processing within organizations. I believed then, and especially now, the topic would provide significant insight to the behavior within organizations at the individual, group and organizational levels. The process I have gone through is not unlike what happens today in organizations. At various stages of development, I received a spectrum of responses, both encouraging and challenging. What I thought was â€Å"cutting edge† research many times felt like â€Å"bleeding edge† because one of the characteristics associated with intuition is the inability to fully explain how you arrived at the answer being professed. Fortunately, as happens in organizations, knowledgeable individuals stepped forward and supported going forward with the research. At this time, I would like to gratefully acknowledge my committee members: Dr. Ron Fetzer, Dr. William Snow, Dr. Bill Harrington, and Dr. Joe Balloun. For anyone who has been or is currently in a doctoral program, you know words are inadequate to express appreciation for people who have dedicated themselves so that others, like myself, could achieve such a significant milestone as the completion of the research process. Another critical and crucial supporter of this work is Dr. Gary Salton. Dr. Salton exemplifies the intuitive practitioner who, years ago, began developing the concept of Organizational Engineering and compiling the database which became the basis for this research. His unselfish contributions enable us all to benefit from organizational insights to this research which can facilitate new methods and better results at all levels for organizational workers. Also during the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have been blessed to have discussed this work personally with individuals well known in the fields of business, organizational development, and change management. I wish to thank the following people whose conversations were both encouraging and enlightening: Dr. Weston Agor, Dr. Bill Taggart, Patricia Aburdene, Dr. Charles Garfield, Dr. Elliott Jaques, Dr. Warren Bennis, and Sharon Franquemont. In addition, I wish to thank the individuals who have assisted me in various ways over the years. Lest I should unintentionally leave one or two out, I say to them sincerely â€Å"Much Thanks†. Without you I know I would not have made it. As you read this, you will know in your hearts and minds who you are. Last but not least, I would like to express my love and appreciation for my family, who have sacrificed time and resources during both the course of study and the writing of this dissertation: To my loving and supportive wife, Sharon, who wanted me to finish as much as I did; to my children, Whitney and Geoffrey, who wondered if they would graduate high school before I completed my course of study; and to my parents who, â€Å"May They Rest in Peace†, did not live to see this moment in time, at least not from here on earth. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Research Question Definition of Terms Overview of Total Research Study 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Intuition Major Theorists Researchers Management Oriented Research 28 Instrumentation Summary 3. METHODOLOGY Variables Relational Innovator Dimension: Hypothesis 1 Reactive Stimulator Dimension: Hypothesis 2 Organizational Level: Hypothesis 3 Relational Innovator/ Reactive Stimulator: Hypothesis 4 Hypothetical Analyzer/ Logical Processor: Hypothesis 5 I-OPTTM Instrument Database Subjects Population Instrument Design Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data Analysis Environment Summary 4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 9 9 10 18 40 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 54 55 55 57 59 59 60 60 63 67 ix xiÃ'Ž Hypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview of Significant Findings Limitations of this Study Implications for Human Resource Management Professionals Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions Appendix A. I-OPTTM SURVEY B. THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY C. PERMISSION LETTER D. CLASSIFICATION OF HIERARCHICAL LEVELS REFERENCES CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 78 82 83 83 85 85 88 90 91 93 96 98 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10A. 10B. 11. 12. 13. 14A. 14B. 15. 16. 17A. 17B. 18. 19. 20A. Instruments Measuring Intuition Examples of Work Groups in the Database Types of Industries/Areas Included in Database Organizational Distribution of Experts Occupational Positions of Experts Educational Achievements of Experts Statistical Results of Hypothesis 1: Relation of Hierarchical and Relational Innovator Levels Statistical Results of Hypothesis 2: Relation of Hierarchical and Reactive Stimulator Levels Mann-Whitney Test Results of Hypothesis 2a : Leaders versus the Population in Reactive Stimulator Score Hypothesis 2: Leader Median and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Hypothesis 2: Population MedianÃ'Ž and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Non-Parametric Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Relation of Hierarchical Position to Conservator Pattern Levels Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Hypothesis 3: Population Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 3: Leader Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Comparison of Research Development and Information Technology Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Comparison of Information Technology and Research Development Functions Hypothesis 4: Mean Research Development Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 4: Mean Information Technology Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Comparison of Population and Customer Service Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Pattern Comparison of Customer Service And Population Hypothesis 5: Mean Customer Service Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Page 40 52 53 58 58 59 61 63 66 66 67 68 70 71 72 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 20B. 21. Hypothesis 5: Mean Population Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hierarchical Distribution of LeaderAnalysisTM Database 80 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10A. 10B. 10C. 11A. 11B. 11C. Basic Information Processing Model Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode Summary of Strategic Patterns Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hypothesis 1: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 1: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Mean Scores  by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Score by Population and Leader Hypothesis 3: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Leader Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Median Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Percent of Cases above Median by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Mean Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 5: Median Scores by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Mean Scores by Population and Customer Service Page 3 3 4 8 16 62 62 64 65 69 69 72 73 76 77 77 81 81 82 CHAPTER 1 Introduction This study examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a literature review and study of measures currently being used within organizations. Human behaviorists have examined why the performance of some people get them to the top while others around them remain in lower levels of the organization. They have considered situations such as, given the same information, one person completes a problem-solving process much sooner than another with nearly the same responses and wondered how that happened. This research focuses on the relationship between intuitive thought, organization level; and function. It explores the use of intuition in decision-making and the organizational conditions which call for an intuitive approach. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to determine the systematic use of intuitive skills and abilities in business organizations. Management research historically has been biased toward the analytical process in decision-making. This rational approach has been more popular as the preferred and acceptable method for studying management practices. Alternative unstructured methods have been ignored or labeled irrational in the negative sense. However, since this study’s focus is centered on working adults, judgment can be reached using other non-logical thought processes such as intuition, which take into account years of expertise, considerable introspection, and/or informal rules learned over time. This study identifies major theorists and their opinions and findings, as well as their sources of learning. However, no attempt is made to  exhaustively identify all sources referencing the theories and studies related to intuition. Primary examination is given to twentieth century researchers, although earlier authors of prominence are noted in selected cases. Significance of the Study Eisenhardt (1989) linked rapid decision-making to such characteristics as decisive, operations-focused, hands on, and instinctive. Therefore, fast decision-making is linked to effective performance. As an example of behavior linked to fast decisionmaking, Eisenhardt found executives gathered real time information on firm operations and the competitive environment which resulted in a deep, intuitive grasp of the business. This intuitively-based understanding translates into improved business performance. Many managers report using intuition in their decision-making, in spite of the deeply rooted bias against non-rational methods (Agor, 1984a; Agor, 1984b; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974; Isaack, 1978; Mintzberg, 1976; and Rowan, 1986). Reports of managers use of intuition ranges from inferential processes, performed under their own pre-existing database (Agor, 1986a,b,c,d) to acceptance and use of predictive abilities (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). Successful decision-makers have been found to have great predictive abilities (Cosier and Alpin, 1982; and Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). However, many managers remain unwilling to acknowledge their use of intuition, fearing negative responses from their colleagues (Agor, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d). Additional researchers who influence this study are Barnard (1968), Vaughan (1979), Hermann (1981), Isenberg (1984), Simon (1987), and Parikh (1994). This study seeks to redefine intuition in a form which is acceptable to the rationalistic school and yet accommodates the scholarly but more inferential approaches. The study explores the use of intuition in an extensive cross section of people in organized environments. Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Gary Salton (1996) developed the Organizational Engineering theory as a way of measuring and predicting the behavior of interactive groups of people. In Salton’s theory, human beings are regarded as information processing organisms, by which, the human is bound to the Input-Process-Output model (Figure 1) common to all information processors, regardless of their format. INPUT PROCESS Figure 1 Basic Information Processing Model (Salton, 1996, p. 9) OUTPUT Salton’s (1996) theory proposes the type of information sought and the intended direction of the output predetermines processing behavior. For example, if the subject does not collect detail in the input phase of the process, his output will not likely be tightly structured, logical, precise, or optimal relative to the issue being addressed. Rather, minimal output will probably result. In effect, therefore an individual using an opportunistic strategy obtains speed of response at the price of precision. Salton’s (1996) theory maintains an input-process-output model is largely governed by two large-scale factors: method and mode, which are conceived as continuums. Method (Figure 2) governs the character of input. At one end of the continuum is what Salton calls an unpatterned method. Using the unpatterned strategy, an individual simply acquires whatever information is readily available and appears relevant to the issue at hand. UNPATTERNED STRUCTURED â€Å"An Available Way† Convenient Expedient Opportune Spontaneous METHOD (INFORMATION ORGANIZATION) â€Å"A Predefined Way† Template Formula Scheme Pattern Map Figure 2 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49). The other end of the method continuum (Salton, 1996) is defined as a structured methodology. Here the individual has some form of structure and attempts to apply it to acquire information, which appears relevant to the issue at hand. An individual can move to any point on the continuum trading speed, precision, understanding and certainty of outcome with every increment along the scale. Salton (1996) defines the other large-scale characteristic as mode. This is visualized also as a continuum (Figure 3) ranging from thought on one polar extreme to action on the other. Salton defines thought not as a cognitive activity but rather as an intermediate result. Therefore, under Salton’s definition, a plan requiring many hours of physical activity and which might fill reams of paper will still be considered a thought based response. It is intermediate. It has no effect on the outside world or the issue being addressed until it is acted upon. Action (Salton, 1996) is the other end of the mode continuum. Here, the subject acts directly to affect the issue in question. This action may or may not have been preceded by thought as defined by Salton. From this perspective of intuition theory, action can be seen as a more decisive, aggressive, or positive response by an external observer. Thought, on the other hand, appears to the outside observer to be more rational, reflective, or coherent. Therefore, a subject tending to favor the action end of Salton’s continuum will tend to be seen as decisive, operations-focused, and hands-on. These characteristics were associated with people employing intuitive strategies (Eisenhardt, 1989). THOUGHT ACTION â€Å"An Intermediate Step† Plans Assessments Evaluations Judgements Advise Counsel MODE (DIRECTION FOR USE OF INFORMATION) â€Å" A Direct Effect on the Issue under Consideration†Ã¢â‚¬  Initiative Intervention Act Execution Figure 3 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49) These basic components of Salton’s theory carry major implications for the study of intuition theory. Various combinations of method and mode produce behaviors paralleling the behaviors attributed to intuition. For example, a person using an unpatterned approach appears to an outside observer to be following a more intuitive strategy. There appears to be no logical structure to the information required. The logic exists, but it is in the mind of the subject and concerns the potential relevance of information to the specific issue being addressed. If questioned, the subject may or may not be able to readily articulate why a particular element of information was selected. The outcome of this process is entirely consistent with rapid decision-making, displaying characteristics that are considered instinctive—a phenomenon often attributed to intuition (Eisenhardt, 1989). The use of the unpatterned end of Salton’s continuum also produces results consistent with Clark’s (1973) view, since the person will not know how he knows what he knows. The mode element of Salton’s theory also has implications for intuition theory. The thought side of Salton’s continuum focuses primarily on intermediate steps (study, assessment, evaluation, etc. ), many of which are not observable. Therefore, a person using an unpatterned method and thought mode may experience intuitive insights not visibly displayed. A person using an unpatterned method with an action mode, however, will exhibit behaviors an observer can readily attribute to intuition. Inputs potentially useful to address the issue at hand are quickly acquired and promptly applied. A portion of these will successfully address the issue at hand and may be noticed by others who interact with the decision-maker. These outsiders may comment on the decision-maker’s insight, further establishing or reinforcing the decision-maker’s self-conception as being intuitive. An example may help illustrate this situation. Consider a situation in which a person uses an unpatterned method to address a particular issue, such as when an executive interacts with the Board of Directors or with special interest groups. The person would begin indiscriminately seizing information, to help resolve the issue. If the person is also using an action mode, he will tend to apply the information without hesitation. If it works, the search is over. If it does not, he or she returns to the environment, picks up another piece of information, and cycles through the process again. The indiscriminate acquisition of information increases the probability of discovering an improbable but valid way of addressing the issue. In other words, by not following an established structure, the person increases the odds of a serendipitous discovery or of a previously unrecognized approach to resolve a problem. This type of resolution is easily attributable to insight or intuition since it is unexpected and not readily attributable to an obvious antecedent. Intangible concepts like intuition may be the real stimulus. Because research in information acquisition is limited as well as in planning the application, the cycles can occur very rapidly. The use of the action mode increases the probability an individual will repeatedly demonstrate intuitive-type results in a manner visible to others. This often-observed style or behavior in turn suggests an innate quality. Hence, the person is considered to be intuitive. Similarly, method and mode operate in a continuum; thus, people would exhibit degrees of intuition. However, the more committed a person is using an unpatterned method for information acquisition, the more likely they will display behavior attributable to intuition, and whom others will describe as using an intuitive strategy. The focus on this combination of method and mode is similar to other thinkers in the field. For example, many issues addressed at the senior executive level do not have a readily identifiable structure of information acquisition. Some have parameters encouraging thought based (i. e. , intermediate) responses, while others will require immediate action/reaction. Therefore Salton suggests executives will use both nonlogical and logical methods in the conduct of their ordinary affairs—just as Barnard (1968) also proposed and Agor (1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d) confirmed. Salton does not directly address intuition in his research because his focus is on the interactive behavior people use in group activity. Other theorists and researchers have relied on psychologically based processes, which are not readily visible to external observers. However, as demonstrated above, Salton’s theory can readily serve as a vehicle for integrating the works of multiple authors who have written extensively on intuition. In addition, Salton’s theory has the merit of using ratio-scaled variables that allow people to express degrees of commitment to one or another strategy (i. e. , method and mode) which can be measured and tested. This study proposes the behavior a person exhibits using unpatterned information acquisition methods and action-based output modes will be consistent with the work found by numerous intuition theorists. This study also proposes the use of these strategies (unpatterned method, action mode) will be systematically exhibited in a manner consistent with the findings of others. Research Question This study will focus on the following research question with regards to management decision-making and the use of intuition: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? Definition of Terms Organizational Engineering theory adopts a set of variables useful in describing the operation of the theory. This section defines these, as well as other terms applied in this study. Intuition – A way of perceiving which relies on relationships, meanings, and possibilities beyond the reach of the conscious mind (Myers and McCaulley, 1985) and includes behavioral attributes (Brown, 1990). A way of knowing in which we often do not know how we know what we know (Vaughan, 1979). Hypothetical Analyzer – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Logical Processor – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Reactive Stimulator – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using unpatterned methods (Salton, 1996). Relational Innovator – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using unpatterned method (Salton, 1996). Changer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Reactive Stimulator (Salton, 1996). Conservator – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Logical Processor and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Perfector – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Performer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Reactive Stimulator and Logical Processor (Salton, 1996). Figure 4 (Salton, 1996) illustrates the various combinations and their resulting strategic patterns, given different primary and secondary strategic profiles. PATTERN Changer Conservator Performer Reactive Stimulator (RS) Logical Processor (LP) Figure 4 Summary of Strategic Patterns. Perfector Relational Innovator (RI) Hypothetical Analyzer (HA) Overview of Total Research Study Chapter 2 reviews the findings of major authors in the field of intuition research and forms the foundation for the testable hypotheses to be used to examine the research question. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Intuition is a relatively new subject of academic interest. Literature on the subject, particularly on its use in decision-making did not become prevalent until the early 1970s (Argyris, 1973a, 1973b; Clark, 1973; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, Schroeder, 1974; Jung, 1971; Leavitt, 1975a, 1975b; Livingston, 1971; Mintzberg, 1973, 1975, 1976; and Simon, 1977). These works, along with research in the 1980s, incorporated intuition related literature and research prior to the 1970s and as far back as the 1950s (Riggs, 1987). This research study concentrates specifically on the research literature as it relates to the use of intuition in decision-making among organization managers and executives. Various organizational environments are examined in the literature review and thus, may be reasonably considered an overview of the subject. This research is classified into two categories: (1) theoretical developments concerning the concept of intuition, and (2) survey studies supporting the premise for using intuition in decision-making. The overview provides information on the use of intuition in business organizations as a function of leadership and decision-making; and explores various well- established methodologies as well as those still in development. Definition of Intuition The term intuition is defined as â€Å"knowing something instinctively; a state of being aware of or knowing something without having to discover or perceive it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Encarta, 1999). Intuition is seen as an innate capacity not directly accessible by considering the process which gives rise to a judgment or action involving it. Thus, intuition seems to be a residual process accommodating whatever can’t be explained by other means. The literature reflects the inherent lack of obvious conceptual framework for the term intuition. Some of the alternative descriptors are ESP, psi, judgment, insight, and gut feelings (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974); hunch (Barnard, 1968); extrasensory perception (Leavitt, 1975b); non-rational (Cohen and March, 1974); recognition (Goldberg, 1983; Ray and Myers, 1986), and edge (Tichy, 1997). Such non-specific definitions suggest that different authors and researchers could be describing different processes or even measuring different phenomenon. Conversely, experts could be referring to the same phenomenon with different labels. Major Theorists This study attempts to capture the value of various theorists’ approaches by focusing on the central contribution of each, and how these compare or contrast to Organizational Engineering theory. Theorists are often classified as personality based such as Jung or transpersonal based such as Vaughan. The more classical theorists’ approach view intuition as a distinct pattern of thought from the rational mode (Jung, 1971), while the transpersonal theorists’ approach considers the integration of rational and intuitive approaches and considers them both valid and separate, as well as complementary (Goldberg, 1983; Vaughan, 1979) One of the most important figures to focus on the concept of intuition is Carl Jung. His theory of psychological types is the basis for the development of the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1992). Jung’s theory of intuition suggests intuition is a psychological function present in all people to varying degrees and is manifested in personality types. Jung defines intuition as a perception and comprehension of the whole at the expense of details attributable to unconscious process. Intuition is thus viewed as a cognitive function outside the province of reason and given consideration whenever established rational or other cognitive concepts do not work. In short, it is the perception of reality in which the intuitive knows, but does not know how he knows (Clark, 1973). Later, Jung broadens his thoughts on personality types by introducing the concept of synchronicity, which further helps to explain intuitive-type feelings and visions not attributable to coincidence (Rowan, 1986). Jung uses such phrases for intuition as hunches, inspiration, and insight to problem-solving methods, all of which reflect little patience for detail or routine (Behling and Eckel, 1991). Vaughan (1979) describes four levels of intuition: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. The theorists, writers and researchers describe intuition in both psychological and physiological terms. Intuition experienced through physical levels includes bodily sensations such as tension or discomfort. This is not to say however that every bodily sensation indicates an intuitive message, but these physical symptoms can be used for self-awareness, as well as a source of warnings and signs. Emotional intuitive messages take several forms, such as liking or disliking something or someone for no apparent reason, feeling the need to perform an action or do something, and sensing energy levels in oneself or others. Emotional level intuition can be used to deepen one’s self-awareness and to understand others (Vaughan, 1979). The mental level of intuition is typically experienced as images or ideas. It may appear as the perception of patterns, insights, or images, especially in problem-solving situations. Intuition at the mental level can be used to trigger creativity, explore problem-solving areas not previously mined, and to enhance learning (Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition does not rely on sensations, feelings, or thoughts. In fact, these are considered being distracters at the spiritual level (Blackwell, 1987; Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition is a means for improving self-awareness and transpersonal experiences. Vaughan does not clarify whether a single intuition mode is responsible for all four types or whether unique factors exist for each type. This generality suggests Vaughan is defining taxonomy rather than a theoretical specification which can be tested and validated through scientific methods. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory however does account for all facets of Vaughan’s taxonomy. Salton’s theory focuses on inputs and outputs, regardless of the source or the outcome. Vaughan’s physical, emotional, mental or spiritual intuitive factors can be accounted for with equal facility. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory argues intuition is the result of a single process. Therefore, there is no operational need to specify the source or destination of the input-output chain (Salton, 2000). Vaughan’s approach may be of value in describing intuition but it is not suitable to test the concept. Like Vaughan, Salton is indifferent to the source of the input providing the initial drive toward an external response. Further, Salton makes no judgment about the value, or lack of value, of these explanations. The rational approach to intuition accepts the notion that the human mind has alternative methods of processing information and these methods influence behaviors. For example, Jung posits four independent but interacting categories of cognition— intuition, thinking, feeling, and sensing. Each of these cate.

Portrait of a Victim in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye :: Bluest Eye Essays

Portrait of a Victim: Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye      The Bluest Eye (1970) is the novel that launched Toni Morrison into the spotlight as a talented African-American writer and social critic. Morrison herself says â€Å"It would be a mistake to assume that writers are disconnected from social issues† (Leflore). Because Morrison is more willing than most authors to discuss meaning in her books, a genetic approach is very relevant. To be truly effective, though, the genetic approach must be combined with a formal approach. The formal approach allows the unpacking of the rich language, imagery, and metaphors of Morrison’s writing, and the genetic places it in the larger context of her social consciousness.   In The Bluest Eye, Morrison’s uses her critical eye to reveal to the reader the evil that is caused by a society that is indoctrinated by the inherent goodness and beauty of whiteness and the ugliness of blackness. In an interview with Milwaukee Journal staff writer Fannie Leflore, Morrison said that she â€Å"confronted and critiqued the devastation of racial images† in The Bluest Eye.   The narrative structure of The Bluest Eye is important in revealing just how pervasive and destructive the â€Å"racialization† (Morrison’s term for the racism that is a part of every person’s socialization) is (Leflore). Morrison is particularly concerned about the narration in her novels. She says, â€Å"People crave narration . . . That’s the way they learn things† (Bakerman 58). Narration in The Bluest Eye comes from several sources. Much of the narration comes from Claudia MacTeer as a nine year old child, but Morrison also gives the reader the benefit of Claudia reflecting on the story as an adult, some first person narration from Pecola’s mother, and narration by Morrison herself as an omniscient narrator. Morrison says, â€Å"First I wrote it [the section in The Bluest Eye about Pecola’s mother] out as an ‘I’ story, but it didn’t work . . . Then I wrote it out as a ‘she’ story, and that did n’t work . . . It was me, the author, sort of omnipotent, talking† (Bakerman 59). Morrison intentionally kept Pecola from any first person narration of the story. Morrison wanted to â€Å"try to show a little girl as a total and complete victim of whatever was around her,† and she needed the distance and innocence of Claudia’s narration to do that (Stepto 479).

Kaleidoscope

Kaleidoscope by Ray Bradbury I am fortunate enough to take a wonderful course that solely focused on Bradbury and his work, taught by his very own biographer. IVe never read as many stories written by a single author before. Even so, I can safely say that he is one of the best writers IVe ever read. â€Å"Kaleidoscope,† which appears in Bradburys remarkable short story collection, The Illustrated Man, is a story that literally sends you up into outer space. The name itself gives us an idea what this story is about. The bright colors and hanging views, it is an interesting story but not one that is so funny to read.From the very beginning we know that these men are dead and everything that we are able to do is Just to watch them are dyeing without much hope. This is a kind of deeply philosophical and introspective tale, which is the hallmark of Bradburys writing. Through a simple accident in space, a rocket full of astronauts explodes and its crew is strewn across the emptiness , falling until their oxygen runs out, or until they collide with meteors or the Moon, or the Earth. Kaleidoscope† really is a plot-wise story. It begins after the ship has already exploded.Most of the story takes place from a vantage point close to Hollis. He is the main character and the captain of the ship, a man who has hidden his emotions for most of his life. He went into space because it helped him to avoid women and he clearly envies those men who have better luck with women. He tries to convince himself that there is no difference between him and them but he knows that it isn't true, they have memories, and he has only dreams. So we can see what he sees as the Earth's gravity is pulling him in. And soon Hollis is alone, alone with his thought.As these men hurtle toward their fate, feeling helpless in preventing their own deaths, they understandably bicker and find fault with each other. One of the men is the most calm about his death having lived a good life, however there's a particularly compelling argument between Hollis and Lespere, an apparent womanizer who has actually no regrets, as I have already said, and who lets Hollis know about it. And Hollis retorts that it doesn't matter, that heyre all meeting the same fate now, and Lespere's â€Å"life experiences† doesn't make his life any better than that of Hollis.But, as Lespere explains, â€Å"l got my thoughts, I remember. † On the one hand, a bleakly existentialist view is advanced by Hollis: in the end we all die alone and death renders everything before it pointless. While this may be philosophically sound, though that's also debatable, it doesnt have the emotional resonance of Lespere's assertion that one must live as fully as possible, in order to better accept death when the time comes. The fact that Lespere has led a orally reprehensible life, indulging in bigamy and gambling, for starters is Bradbury's way of cautioning about the extremes of such an attitude.In the en d, there is a sense of redemption in Hollis becoming a star upon which a little boy makes a wish. What is really important is that the whole story is telling of the human condition. We as humans, by our nature, become incredibly reflective when we know the end is near. We might even become bitter and spiteful and lash out. Moreover, the question of how people face death is one that is well worth exploring, but in any ypes of tragedy on the Earth, that doesn't kill people immediately means that they Bradbury gets around exactly that problem by setting â€Å"Kaleidoscope†.The main theme, I believe, is that life is unpredictable and you should enjoy or relish every second of it because you never know when it will be taken from you or someone close to you. The many insignificant squabbles that we constantly encounter in life do not amount to a hill of beans. What is important is love! The beauty of this world is many faceted like a kaleidoscopes image but also very fragile and br ief Just like each eparate image in the scope.Some people realize this and live accordingly while others do not until the very end when it is too late. And yet, even with those memories, we're still the same in those final moments before the end The story seems to take the side of memories, of having done something with one's life while given the opportunity. Ultimately, â€Å"Kaleidoscope† is the kind of story which provides the opportunity for reflection. It's the epitome of science-fiction, using hypothetical circumstances to take a deeper look at the human condition.

The Amish Culture

The Amish Culture The Amish are a fascinating people. They live surrounded by cities full of technology. Yet they live without automobiles, electricity, and most modern comforts that are taken for granted by many. Donald Kraybill asks the question â€Å"How is it that a tradition-laden people who spurn electricity, computers, automobiles, and higher education are not merely surviving but are, in fact, thriving in the midst of modern life? † Though they do not have all of the technology that we take for granted, they live richer lives than many non-Amish people. ecause gender relations are accepted amongst others in the community, they have strong beliefs, traditions and values, and kinship is important. In the Amish community, they rely heavily on their agriculture as a mode of subsistence. This is known as being an agrarian society. Though they have other means of sustenance, they recognize the importance of agriculture to the community. Amish culture does not use electricity or other modern conveniences. This makes the farming a longer process, as this is their means of survival. They have other means for livelihood but farming is their main job. Some build furniture to sell to the surrounding communities. Others will farm for non-amish employers. â€Å"Some stereotypes of Amish life imply that they reject technology and live in a nineteenth-century cocoon. Such images are false. The Amish adopt technology selectively, hoping that the tools they use will build community rather than harm it. In short, they prefer technology that preserves social capital, rather than depletes it. †(Kraybill, 2001). In the technology laden world today, it makes sense that a culture that only uses certain technologies selectively would rely heavily on the land to provide. The Amish have traditions that are considered strange to many people, in addition to the lack of technology. The baptized members of the Amish church marry other baptized members of the church. This does not mean necessarily that cousins marry cousins. While this does happen, some Amish women may choose to leave one community for another. This is often done because the men inherit the family land. The men inherit the land because the Amish culture is a patriarchal culture. The marraiges are not arranged but the parents must give approval. Right before the marriage, the couple is â€Å"announced† and the preparations for the wedding begin. After the wedding, the man will start to grow out his beard to signify his marital status. Another well known tradition is the Amish barn raising. A barn raising is a gathering of men in the community to build a barn for a fellow member of the community. It is used as a way to not only accomplish a task but to also socialize. The Amish community is known for their desire to help one another and reinforce the sense of community. The barn raising is known as a â€Å"frolic† in the Amish culture. There are many men assisting in the building. In addition, the families know that in the future, if there is ever a time they need assistance with something, the community will be there to help. Frolics are not only reserved for the men. The women in the community get together for quilting, shucking, or canning. The traditions and core beliefs were founded in Europe by Jacob Amman based on the writings of Menno Simons, the founder of the Mennonite movement. These beliefs are held fast by every member of the Amish community. The basic religious beliefs are Christian in nature, such as a belief in Heaven and Hell. The Amish believe, however, that salvation is not guaranteed. Upon death, God weighs the deeds and life of the person to determine their worthiness for Heaven. Baptism is done when an adult in the Amish community decides to give themselves wholly to the church. It is symbolic of their commitment. â€Å"Amish youth decide if they want to join the church in their late teens and early twenties, and if they choose to be baptized, they submit themselves to the order of the church for the rest of their lives. In doing so, candidates make a confession of faith and agree to comply with the order of the Amish community, or the Ordnung, an unwritten tradition that spells out expected behaviors and regulations. Church members who break the commitment and refuse to repent and confess their sins are excommunicated and â€Å"shunned. † The Pennsylvania Amish try to persuade the wayward to cooperate with the church, but those who continue to be disobedient must be banned from fellowship in order to maintain the purity of the church. The shunned are prohibited from engaging in any social interaction, cut off from all close friends and associates. Shunning happens infrequently, although it serves as an effective form of social control for the Amish that preserves their spiritual purity. † (http://www. padutchcountry. om/towns-and-heritage/amish-country/amish-religious-traditions. asp) The youth in the Amish communities make this decision by participating in Rumspringa. This translates to running around. Around the age of sixteen, the Amish adolescent participates in activities that are not allowed by a baptized member of the church. These are typical â€Å"English† behaviors s uch as drinking alcohol, wearing â€Å"English† clothing, and not have a requirement to attend the church. Not all youths choose to have a Rumspringa. Some, on the other hand, choose to leave the community for the year and experience life outside of the community. Most return to the Amish culture and devote their lives to the Amish way. Most Americans would not be able to live without the modern conveniences to which they grown accustomed. The Amish are simply fascinating with their plain living and culture rich with tradition. Though they do not have all of the technology that we take for granted, they live richer lives than many non-Amish people. because gender relations are accepted amongst others in the community, they have strong beliefs, traditions and values, and kinship is important. References Hurst, C. E. , & McConnell, D. L. (2010). Young Center Books in Anabaptist and Pietist Studies : Amish paradox : Diversity and change in the world's largest amish community. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Kraybill, Donald B.. â€Å"Amish. † Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. 2000. Retrieved November 28, 2011 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3405800016. html Kraybill, D. B. (2001). Riddle of amish culture (revised edition). Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mackall, J. (2008). Plain secrets : An outsider among the amish. Boston, MA, USA: Beacon Press.

Free Essays on Kants C.I.

Immanuel Kant bases ethics on the autonomy of good will. Kant attempted to figure out the way we act according to our ability for free choice. Autonomy is any act that is done because of our own free choice. Kant views ethics as an intrinsic good rather than and an instrumental good, or as a good that is built-in and is internal. So anything that you do is done because you decide that it can be accounted for publicly as correct or right. According to Kant, certain acts are morally right if they accompanied by good will, and we are morally good only if we act from duty. Acting morally is not enough according to our duty, we must act only because it is our duty. Kant believes that our main goal in thinking is to reason. In reasoning we come up with objective maxims with which we adjust our personal maxims which we intern use. We are able to step outside of a certain situation and act in a way which is a determined way that we ought to act. We need to look at ourselves critica lly and reflect so we can see ourselves through the views of others. So when considering a certain choice we have to make, we first think of how that choice will look publicly. We then make the choice according to whether it will be accepted or not. Because of this, people realize what they are doing and can be held accountable for the decisions as well as their actions. To Kant, virtue lies in the good will of us rather than any certain end to be achieved, while good will is shown in the performance of an action for the sake of carrying out a duty rather than for some other end. Humans may act as subjects of free will, but the effect of autonomy is morality. A maxim is something that is accepted on its own merits and relates to moral law in that one makes choices according to God as right or wrong. So if we are considering a choice to be publicly accepted we are really considering whether it would be considered right or wrong by God since that is ho... Free Essays on Kant's C.I. Free Essays on Kant's C.I. Immanuel Kant bases ethics on the autonomy of good will. Kant attempted to figure out the way we act according to our ability for free choice. Autonomy is any act that is done because of our own free choice. Kant views ethics as an intrinsic good rather than and an instrumental good, or as a good that is built-in and is internal. So anything that you do is done because you decide that it can be accounted for publicly as correct or right. According to Kant, certain acts are morally right if they accompanied by good will, and we are morally good only if we act from duty. Acting morally is not enough according to our duty, we must act only because it is our duty. Kant believes that our main goal in thinking is to reason. In reasoning we come up with objective maxims with which we adjust our personal maxims which we intern use. We are able to step outside of a certain situation and act in a way which is a determined way that we ought to act. We need to look at ourselves critica lly and reflect so we can see ourselves through the views of others. So when considering a certain choice we have to make, we first think of how that choice will look publicly. We then make the choice according to whether it will be accepted or not. Because of this, people realize what they are doing and can be held accountable for the decisions as well as their actions. To Kant, virtue lies in the good will of us rather than any certain end to be achieved, while good will is shown in the performance of an action for the sake of carrying out a duty rather than for some other end. Humans may act as subjects of free will, but the effect of autonomy is morality. A maxim is something that is accepted on its own merits and relates to moral law in that one makes choices according to God as right or wrong. So if we are considering a choice to be publicly accepted we are really considering whether it would be considered right or wrong by God since that is ho...

Literature essay Essays

Literature essay Essays Literature essay Paper Literature essay Paper My own attitude to the science fiction movies Some people respond differently to works of art such as science fiction and other forms of fiction. Personally I found that science fiction is based on a form of sociological study of the future in that the author seem to believe that the things that they are writing are going to happen in the future. With science fiction, one is able to follow a mathematical or logical projection of the future. In the past, I have read genre fiction. The manner in which science fiction extrapolates and draws from what the reader knows about science and reality is what draws me to genre fiction. The manner in which genre fiction attracts me through its unevenness and unbound less to the confines of law makes it more interesting as one tries to anticipate what is going to happen. Information literacy The study of literacy writing definitely alters the manner in which I appreciate genre writing. The amount of time and energy that authors take to come up with genre writing is incredible and the manner in which they embed the message is fascinating. From Bradburys viewpoint, his narrative skills enables one to participate I what is unfolding in the novel. There is an anticipation by the reader to know the impacts of what has been created and how the new system that is being introduced will work. The styles employed are effective. This is due to the manner in which readers are able to get a mental imagery that the author intended to portray. Regardless of who fills that role, the subject matter always comes with a personal story, background, goal, or achievement they are willingly pursuing. Because the subject is so heavily focused on throughout the duration of a novel, play, or any type of literary work, it is often difficult to focus attention on any variety of supporting characters. The supporters play a crucial role in any form of literature, and usually provide some form of aid, or problem solving information. In most circumstances, these smaller subjects tend to get overlooked. Language and style are the next components of literature, and are subconsciously a means of holding the attention. While the subject Is vital to capturing attention, it is the language used to convey the message of the story that separates the great classic literary works of art from the books that will never be anything more than Just that. As French Journalist, poet, and novelist Anatoly France said, The duty of literature Is to note what counts, and to light up what Is suited to the light. If It ceases to choose and to love, It becomes Like a woman who gives herself thou preference. France Is simply saying, how a literary work and Its language are perceived by the reader determines Its quality. A piece of literature needs not only a subject and a plot, but effective, descriptive, and emotional language, helping the reader become a part of the story themselves. It Is critical to maintain the readers interest throughout, resulting in greater feedback and increased interest from other readers. Anything otherwise would be widely considered a failure by any author and publisher. The last main theme of classic literature, as well as modern literature, is the problematic struggle that a character encounters and the solution en or seen Alcoves. I Nils Is something Tanat may De relatable to a persons every cay life, and can be seen more often in modern day literature. An example of such struggles would be a conflict between the protagonist, or main character, and the antagonist. In this form of conflict, the main character must discover a way to defeat his rival. There can also be sub conflicts occurring within the conflict, such as robbers the two subjects encounter between themselves, consequently leading to the solution. Another form consists of problem solving, where the main character and supporting subjects determine the problem and seek the solution. Here, characters go through different sequences of events, in effect, reaching a solution to the conflict. In most cases, the hero or protagonist triumphs, while the antagonist does not. The main aspects of literature provide us with an understanding of the structure and intentions of that literary work. The subject, language and style, and conflict and elution are all integral facets of classical literature, and any type of literature for that matter. Literature is possibly the most valuable thing a student may take away from their education. l doubt if anything learnt at school is of more value than great literature learnt by heart, said British classical scholar, Richard Livingston. Becoming familiar with and understanding literary concepts is imperative for all students. Literature is the basis of the knowledge our world possesses today, and the knowledge we obtain from literature is indispensable.

HOLMES Surname Meaning and Origin

HOLMES Surname Meaning and Origin Holmes is a geographical or topographical surname from the northern Middle English holm, meaning island, often bestowed on an individual who lived on an island, or a piece of low-lying meadow lands near or surrounded by water. Also, a geographic surname for someone who lived near where holly trees grew, from the Middle English holm. Holmes can also sometimes be an Anglicized version of the Irish, Mac an Thomis, meaning son of Thomas. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  HOLME, HUME, HOME, HOLM, HOLMS, HOMES, HOOME, HOOMES, HULME   Famous People with the Surname HOLMES Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. -  American Civil War veteran and U.S. Supreme Court JusticeSantonio Holmes - American NFL football playerKate Noelle Katie Holmes - American actress and modelEdwin Holmes - American inventor of the burglar alarmMatthew Holmes -  chief mechanical engineer of the North British Railway Where Do People With the HOLMES Surname Live? The Holmes surname is most prevalent in the United States, according to world surname distribution data from Forebears, distributed fairly evenly across the nation, though slightly higher in Mississippi and the District of Columbia. Holmes is more common, however, in England based on percentage of population bearing the surname, and is especially common in Derbyshire, where it ranks 12th, followed by Lincolnshire (20th), Yorkshire (25th), Nottinghamshire (26th), and Westmorland (36th). Data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  differs from Forebears, putting Holmes as most common in the United Kingdom, followed by Australia, New Zealand, and then the U.S. Within the UK, Holmes is most common in England, especially the districts of Yorkshire and Humberside and the East Midlands Genealogy Resources for the Surname HOLMES Holmes Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Holmes family crest or coat of arms for the Holmes surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Holmes Y-Chromosome DNA Surname ProjectThe goal of the HOLMES Surname Project is to distinguish between HOLMES ancestral lines, worldwide, through traditional family history research combined with DNA testing. Any male with the Holmes surname, or variants such as  Holme, Holmes, Holms, Home, Homes, Hoome, Hoomes, Hulme, Hume, Humes is welcome to join. English Genealogy 101Learn how to research your English ancestors with this introductory guide to genealogical records and resources of England and the United Kingdom. Covers British birth, marriage, death, census, religious, military and immigration records, as well as wills. HOLMES Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Holmes ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - HOLMES GenealogyAccess over 4 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Holmes surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HOLMES Surname Mailing ListThis free RootsWeb mailing list for researchers of the Holmes surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - HOLMES Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Holmes. The Holmes Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Holmes from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Technical Writing-Document Design Newsletter Assignment Essay

Technical Writing-Document Design Newsletter Assignment - Essay Example the marketing department are required to come up with innovative marketing campaign for the upcoming year and submit it to their marketing manager by the end of this month. As the manager, I have held a meeting with the manufacturing department to discuss our ever increasing manufacturing costs. It was decided that the leather we import has heavy taxes levied on it which keep increasing. To keep our customers satisfied we are in need of another cheaper source of leather to make our shoes. Hence, I have undertaken an initiative to use the best leather available in our country. Three months testing period will be decided to check the quality of our shoes. All employees are notified that the sales management department office has been shifted to a new locality for ease of vicinity to promote better communication with other departments. Your respective managers will give you the detailed address in this regard. I am sure all employees are eager to know where we will hold our end of month activity. This month we have taken notice of one of our employee’s suggestion in this regard and planned a movie outing for all our departments to get together to. Your department managers will give you all the details in this regard. The human resource department has initiated a monthly survey program which will serve to keep check of the progress since recruitment of all the employees regardless of their departments. It will also oversee the satisfaction level of our employees so we can help you serve better. Your suggestions regarding our improvement will be highly welcomed in the survey. I am the manager of Shoe It Company’s limited. It deals with the manufacture of shoes for ladies and men. Recently we have started the manufacture of children’s shoes as well. We also deal with the retail sales of our shoes under the same brand. We are a well established company however due to the increase of competition in our area we have a reduced sales outcome for the previous month.

Historical Information for Midrange computers Thesis

Historical Information for Midrange computers - Thesis Example However, by 1998, IBM again emerged as the major producer of the midrange systems. By the year 2002, client-server platforms and midrange computers almost mingled together technology-wise and expanded the sphere of enterprise spanning storage management. In the contemporary business environment, midrange systems are being used for electronic data interchange, B2B communication, and customer relationship management. These systems are becoming increasingly popular. (Datalink, 2007; Rojas, 2001) Client-Server Architecture Midrange computers have been increasingly incorporated in the client-server architecture, which involves synchronized programs in an IT application. The server provides a service to one or more clients that send requests for it. Midrange computers are thus enabled with database access, web access, email exchange, etc., which are based on this architecture. (Berson, 1996) Shared Resources In client-server model, the clients share the resources like database, hardware, a pplications, etc. through a server. Network computing is an apt example of utilizing shared resources. (Berson, 1996) Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages include distribution of responsibilities and roles in a computer system through numerous independent computers, which facilitates decentralization, redundancy, etc. Replacement, repairing, upgrading, and relocating the components of such systems are easier. Disadvantages include server overload and risk of network intrusion. If the server is down, the whole system is down. Peer-to-Peer Structure This system uses distributive application architecture. The member computers of such a system (or network) are equally powerful. (Subramanian and Goodman, 2005) Shared Systems Shared systems in peer-to-peer structure facilitate file and application sharing without the requirement of a central coordination. Peers are consumers as well as suppliers of the resources. (Subramanian and Goodman, 2005) Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages i nclude higher computing power, storage space and bandwidth. Distributive architecture makes the system robust. However, this system lacks effective mechanisms for file security. If a malicious code enters the system through a network node, the entire network may shatter down. Security/Risk with regards to Midrange Technology Privacy: Since midrange technology is primarily client-server model based, privacy can be ensured by implementing appropriate security policies through the central server. (Newman, 2010; Berson, 1996) Disclosure of Data: Information in storage or during transmission through network resources may be disclosed by hacking, spyware, etc. Encryption can be used to solve this problem. (Newman, 2010) Data Access: Technologies like SQL, XML, Web Services, etc. can be used in the midrange computers to facilitate data access secure. (Newman, 2010) Secure Data Deletion: This is a general issue in the context of computers. Hard disc shredding and multiple overwrites are sug gestible in this regard. (University of Pennsylvania, 2011) Key Management: Midrange computer system can provide secured encryption method through a central server along with effective public and private key management. (Ryabko and Fianov, 2005) Audit Rights: Audit rights can be implemented to midrange computing, which will enhance security through account management, system events tracking, recording logons and

Diane Mathis CS5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diane Mathis CS5 - Essay Example However, some points of communication may converge where patients possess some basic level of English proficiency as opposed to when complete unfamiliarity exists. Different language proficiency levels present different interpretation needs for the practitioner, which calls for expert interpretation services. Such interpretation complications determine the complexity of communication between the patient and healthcare professionals coming from different cultural backgrounds. Ethical considerations must resolve the primary concerns of discharging service as universally required, beyond cultural biases of both the practitioner and patient. "Best practice" interpretation preparedness requires that the healthcare system facilitate both individual and organizational-level cultural competences in resolving potential communication challenges (Al-Amin et al., 2011). To this end, individual level of interpretation needs requires that the healthcare practitioners acquire cultural competences to resolve patient cultural gaps as presented during visits. Institutional-level of cross-cultural preparedness requires that the entire institution adopt elaborate translation facilitation. Ultimately, professionals in the healthcare system must overcome legal questions around competencies needed to overcome biases against universal standards of practice. Firstly, any institution may have restrictive budgets to have customized interpretation services for the language barrier as a presenting challenge. In this regard, experiencing an influx of patients from a new language and culture stretches internal capabilities of a health facility in handling such a challenge. Secondly, limited availability of qualified interpreters may present a healthcare problem to a facility irrespective of financial capability. Dreachslin et al. (2008) observed that the ability of the health

Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis - Assignment Example Indeed, he claims that bureaucracy is the most rational and efficient form of organization established by man.2 Most assuredly, Weber establishes the merits and demerits of bureaucracy. Notably, Weber conceived sociology as a science with a view of interpreting and understanding social conduct.3 In addressing the substance of sociology, he focused on rationalization as the most general element in the philosophy of history and the constitutive element of modern western society.4 He contends that strict systematic forms of thoughts, which characterize law, are fundamental to rational jurisprudence. Notably, Weber measured rationalization by assessing the extent at which ideas gain in systematic coherence and consistency as well as by assessing the displacement of magical elements of thoughts.5 Moreover, he classifies rationalization into value rationality and purpose rationality. While value rationality focuses on intrinsic value only, purpose rationality focuses on consequences of an action.6 Furthermore, Weber analyzed the concept of domination and established that the emergence of rational societies is critically dependent on the exercise of domination.7 The Weber’s central theme of rationalization process moves from magicians to priests who seek to protect their positions using systematic religious beliefs.8 He also believed that capitalism is the highest level of rationality in economic behavior and established that the concepts of economic ratio nality are in conflict.9 Ultimately, he asserts that the religious roots of modern capitalism led to utilitarianism, which further led to materialism.10 This chapter reckons that there has been immense growth in public administration where the emergence of a wide range of generic and specialized journals, the increasing number of public administration programs, and the

Being Digital - Social Networking Platform Coursework

Being Digital - Social Networking Platform - Coursework Example Best practice # 1: objectives of the media Identifying the objectives of the social media is the first best practice when developing a social media. This is a critical phase the help in deciding what the social media will do. This objective is the main thrust of the House party, therefore, shaping all subsequent practices. Objectives of a social media have more influence on the features and the operations of the social media under development (Evans, 2010 p. 291). To refine this objective, the task of keeping all students informed about parties in campus must be broken down into simpler tasks that students can achieve using the social media. For instance, students can use messaging, chats, and writing notes on their walls. Best practice # 2: Knowing the target audience Understanding the target audience forms a critical part of the developing the House Party social media. To understand the audience, it is critical to evaluate the characteristics of students, and tailor the services ac cording to their needs. For instance, most students use their cell phones to access social sites. In addition, student prefers sharing content such as photos or video clips with one another. Segmentation of the audience is a necessary step in defining the audience and meeting their needs (Powell, Groves, & Dimos, 2011, p.114). It is also valuable to determine the average age, location and gender of students, and how they access internet. Most important, it is essential to understand how students communicate with other student about parties and how these parties are organized. This information will be helpful in deciding on the strategy. Best practice # 3: Applying a strategy Selecting a proven strategy is one of the essential tasks of building a reliable and efficient social media (Golden, 2011, p. 56). With consideration of the users of House Party, the strategy will centre on the development of a social tool that will accomplish the above-identified objectives, and for a specific audience (University students). The social media must allow other students to create party events and other to join them. Typically, the strategy will be to mimic the usual activities that university student engage in relation to parties. Best practice # 4: implementation-picking the right tools With a well-defined social media—House Party, it is essential to select the right tools to implement the above strategy. Successful implementation require both software and hardware resources to design, build and run House Party giving it an online presence. The required are:- a) Computers: The developers of House party will require 3PC and 2 Macs. In addition, one Server will be required, as well. Developers will use two PCs will be used to develop the social media using website authoring tool selected for this project. These PCs will have all software using in building House Party. The Mac’s will also help in creating stunning images that will form part of House Party. Dell P recision workstation with Dual Core i3, Windows 7 professional, 4 GB RAM, 250 GB Hard drive, and Intel graphics will cost with 17† LCD screen will cost$ 1169. Two Macs each with 2.5Gz speed, 4 GB RAM, AMD Radeon graphics adapter with 511MB, 500 GB hard drive will cost $ 1199 apiece. These Macs will help in producing graphics for the website. For a server, Dell Power Edge

A Comparison between Two Possible Methods for Water Provision in South Essay

A Comparison between Two Possible Methods for Water Provision in South East, Queensland, Australia - Essay Example Colvin unveils that rainfall experienced in South-East Queensland has been significantly below average for the past six years, and this has marked the ten year history of severe water shortage in this part of Australia. The situation of water shortage in Australia has led to steaming debate in the political and public spectrum as blames are exchanged to politicians for failing to establish appropriate policies to ensure water security in the South-East Queensland. A portion of blame is also exchanged to the citizens who are perceived to misuse the water, and the potential drought seasons. Showing regard and concern about water shortage experienced in the South- East Queensland, this report is purposed to identify and propose two possible methods of supplying water in the arid areas of the South-East Queens land in Australia. The report will also analyze the cost effects of the two methods identified and propose the convenient method to be adopted first and the one to be adopted in th e process as the actual supply underway. The two methods that shall be addressed by this report will include water recycling and rainwater harvesting. Background The problem of water shortage in the South-East Queensland in Australia dates back about 100 years with the worst historical drought periods was lapsing between 1898 and 1903 (Colvin). However, 1974 offered slight compensation to the past periods of drought as the year experienced historic rains that led to yet historic floods that have never been experienced again in the region. According to Radcliffe (4), the statics of 2003 showing water provision depicted that about 414000ml was used in residential gardens, 183000ml used in laundry, kitchen used 61000ml, and bathroom consumed 317000ml. The 2003 statistics also indicate that the total volume of water consumed in residential was 1219000, industries and businesses consumed 437000ml, local government and its fire-fighters consumer total volume of 139000ml, system losses amo unted to 221000ml as errors in client meters amounted to 49000ml (Radcliffe 4). Importance of the Requirements Rainwater harvesting mainly involves collection of rain water that falls on the roofs and surfaces of structure and tapping that water into storage tanks for future use. Rainwater harvesting could also involve collection of the surface runoffs that forms on the ground and directing such water into storage dams and other water reservoirs for future use in irrigation or in households for cleaning items. When such scarce water is collected in the arid areas, it is usually considered as precious element and will be used with great care (Pigram, 2006, p. 145). Harvesting rainwater has been considered to be of lower cost since the process only requires one to have an iron roofed house of structure and water storage tanks, which are usually obtained at cheaper prices. Collection of rainwater is also environmental friendly since water collected reduces flooding, which might break s ewerage lines and result to unhealthy environment. Rainwater also has gained massive public recognition and acceptance as one of the best means of obtaining fresh water that is rich in natural mineral elements that are good for health. Water recycling simply means to reuse all ready used and contaminated water but after undergoing series of treatment and safety guaranteed for particular use. The sources of recyclable water include sewerages, municipal wastewaters and grey water among other sources of used waters. Recycling water is a friendly undertake to the environmental safety and sanity. Recycling water helps in reducing contaminations and loads of nutrients that may be hazardous to the

Being Digital - Social Networking Platform Coursework

Being Digital - Social Networking Platform - Coursework Example Best practice # 1: objectives of the media Identifying the objectives of the social media is the first best practice when developing a social media. This is a critical phase the help in deciding what the social media will do. This objective is the main thrust of the House party, therefore, shaping all subsequent practices. Objectives of a social media have more influence on the features and the operations of the social media under development (Evans, 2010 p. 291). To refine this objective, the task of keeping all students informed about parties in campus must be broken down into simpler tasks that students can achieve using the social media. For instance, students can use messaging, chats, and writing notes on their walls. Best practice # 2: Knowing the target audience Understanding the target audience forms a critical part of the developing the House Party social media. To understand the audience, it is critical to evaluate the characteristics of students, and tailor the services ac cording to their needs. For instance, most students use their cell phones to access social sites. In addition, student prefers sharing content such as photos or video clips with one another. Segmentation of the audience is a necessary step in defining the audience and meeting their needs (Powell, Groves, & Dimos, 2011, p.114). It is also valuable to determine the average age, location and gender of students, and how they access internet. Most important, it is essential to understand how students communicate with other student about parties and how these parties are organized. This information will be helpful in deciding on the strategy. Best practice # 3: Applying a strategy Selecting a proven strategy is one of the essential tasks of building a reliable and efficient social media (Golden, 2011, p. 56). With consideration of the users of House Party, the strategy will centre on the development of a social tool that will accomplish the above-identified objectives, and for a specific audience (University students). The social media must allow other students to create party events and other to join them. Typically, the strategy will be to mimic the usual activities that university student engage in relation to parties. Best practice # 4: implementation-picking the right tools With a well-defined social media—House Party, it is essential to select the right tools to implement the above strategy. Successful implementation require both software and hardware resources to design, build and run House Party giving it an online presence. The required are:- a) Computers: The developers of House party will require 3PC and 2 Macs. In addition, one Server will be required, as well. Developers will use two PCs will be used to develop the social media using website authoring tool selected for this project. These PCs will have all software using in building House Party. The Mac’s will also help in creating stunning images that will form part of House Party. Dell P recision workstation with Dual Core i3, Windows 7 professional, 4 GB RAM, 250 GB Hard drive, and Intel graphics will cost with 17† LCD screen will cost$ 1169. Two Macs each with 2.5Gz speed, 4 GB RAM, AMD Radeon graphics adapter with 511MB, 500 GB hard drive will cost $ 1199 apiece. These Macs will help in producing graphics for the website. For a server, Dell Power Edge

International Human Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Human Rights - Assignment Example In another dimension, human rights goals have been to endorse the issue of human dignity, which ensures that violations of human rights have been elucidated in order to foster peace thus socioeconomic development. Ways through which contemporary international human rights reflect values that transcend different cultural traditions International human rights have been cited to have contributed greatly on issues affecting citizens of different countries. This is evidenced by numerous issues affecting different countries in regard to various cultural traditions and values eminent in every country. In this regard, international human rights have been structured in such a manner that every country is well represented and their issues related to human rights articulated on. Therefore, international human rights recognize cultural differences, and put those differences into the context of standardizing human rights across the globe. For example, just like Piere and Weston noted, in the Unit ed States, Americans would be cited demanding better conditions for homeless and equality and sufficient health insurance. On the other hand, some countries like Cuba have issues related to its citizens demanding for freedom of speech and transparent elections (Piere and Weston 3). With such deliberations, it is apparent that the international human rights had to come up with a mechanism through which these cultural differences that are evidenced through violation of human rights could be addressed. In light with this, the first step involved probing into the possibility of elucidating human rights through universal declaration of human rights by the United Nations in 1948 (Fassbender 77). In order to standardize human rights everywhere, the commission on human rights mandated by the United Nations in drafting international bill of rights authorized all member states to formulate a draft of human rights that would have been used in the development of the international bill of rights . In light with this, it is apparent that such efforts reflect values that transcend cultural traditions across the globe. Rationale for sovereignty and its course on human rights Sovereignty and human rights have for a long time been seen as two opposed concepts with rights of the states being viewed as tending to control rights of individuals. This is more evident in liberal democratic countries. This is reflected by the way people’s rights are violated by the political elite. Although many people with sovereignty may be seen to guarantee human rights, it is apparent that some actions by those in power violate the same rights they promise to guarantee. In another dimension, there have been contentious issues in relation whether states are justified in any way to intervene in another country’s internal affairs in the bid to push for human rights protection. In as much as states can be justified in the intervening in another country’s internal affairs, the notio n of state sovereignty barring other states from interfering with internal affairs has always paved a way for some countries to violate human rights without the fear of any interference from other states. In fact, some people believe that non-intervention by foreign states is the best way to promote human rights as well as maintaining international peace (Piere and Weston 5). However, it is correct

Market Orientation Assessment Essay Example for Free

Market Orientation Assessment Essay 1.Customer Orientation Information about customer needs and requirements is collected regularly. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no statement in the article indicates that Psion has collected information about customer needs and requirements regularly. Our corporate objective and policies are aimed directly at creating satisfied customers. DON’T KNOW (0) Since there is no clear statement in the article whether Psion has collected information about customer needs and requirements regularly, the corporate objective and policies are also not clear if it aimed directly at creating satisfied customer. Levels of customer satisfaction are regularly assessed and action is taken to improve matters where necessary. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no statement in the article indicates that Psion regularly assess level of customer satisfaction and take action to improve matters where necessary. We put major effort into building stronger relationships with key customers and customer group. DON’T KNOW (0) The article did not indicate that Psion put major effort into building stronger relationship with their key customers and customer group. We recognize the existence of distinct groups or segments in our markets with different needs and we adapt our offering accordingly. AGREE (4) Psion saw that high-end organizer market was being invaded by new generation of smart-phones, those are phones with organizer capabilities built-in. Psion saw this as a market for integrated devices. Psion knew that their product as standalone organizer had a finite lifespan, thus Psion will create a connected device by did a strategic deal with Motorola to penetrate the market for integrated devices. It shows that Psion recognize the existence of distinct segment in the market with different needs and they create the connected devices to enter it. Total score for customer orientation: 4 Psion has questioned its future as a maker of handheld electronic organizers due to handheld market has changed too much by a new smart phone products which have functionality as organizer and a phone and also by cheaper organizers. However it seems there is no indication that Psion take any action to collect information from customer about current needs and requirements and put some effort to build stronger relationship with their major customers. Psion did read the signal of changes in the market through recent advertisement, instead. 2.Competitor Orientation Information about competitor activities is collected regularly. AGREE (4) Psion knows information about current activities of their competitors such as new products and excess capacity of the rivals. We conduct regular benchmarking against major competitor offerings. AGREE (4) Psion did evaluation about major competitor offering. There is rapid response to major’s competitor actions. AGREE (4) Psion apply strategic thrust to response the major’s competitor actions even it have fell through, and spent the last five months going through every option to see what other ways there were to preserve the strategic thrust. When Palm and Handspring done wrote off about $ 300m and make prices dived, Psion decide to pull out and will stop making handheld organizer but still continue to sell existing products. It shows Psion’s rapid response to what have done by the major competitors. We put major emphasis on differentiating ourselves from the competition on factors important to customers. DISAGREE (2) Psion do not put major emphasis on differentiating themselves from the competition on factors important to customers, described by Psion decision to stop making handheld and keep sell existing products. Total score for competitor orientation: 14 Psion knows information about current activities of their competitors, did evaluation about major competitor offering and response to major’s competitor’s action rapidly. However Psion do not put major emphasize on differentiation. 3.Long-Term Perspectives We place greater priority on long-term market share gain than short-run profit. DISAGREE (2) Psion still struggling to keep their existence and it makes them decide to put priority on making money. We put greater emphasis on improving our market performance than on improving internal efficiencies. DISAGREE (2) Psion decided to pull out and stop making handheld organizers even though they intend to keep exploiting the intellectual property it has gleaned from more than 20 years. Decisions are guided by long-term considerations rather than short-run expediency. AGREE (4) Psion decision to retain its 28 percent stake in Symbian and by the acquisition of Teklogix to move to the enterprise wireless market as a less risky market is clearly based on long-term consideration. Total score for long-term perspectives: 8 Due to currently struggling to keep their existence, Psion decided to put priority on making money compare than put priority on long-term market share and improving market performance. However decisions are guided by long-term consideration by move to les risky market. 4.Interfunctional Coordination Information about customer is widely circulated and communicated throughout the organization. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. The different department in the organization work effectively together to serve customer needs. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Tension and rivalries between departments are not allowed to get in the way of serving customers effectively. AGREE (4) The article do not indicates clearly about tension and rivalries between department of Psion, but the article mentioned that there is provisional revenues from the combined enterprise division between Psion and Teklogix which shows that combined enterprise division expected to work closely without tension and rivalries each other to serve customers effectively and meet the expectation of revenues. Our organization is flexible to enable opportunities to be seized affectively rather than hierarchically constrained. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Total score for interfunctional coordination: 4 5.Organizational Culture All employees recognize their role in helping to create satisfied end customers. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Reward structures are closely related to external market performance and customer satisfaction. DON’T KNOW (0) There is no indication about this matter in the article. Senior management in all functional areas give top importance to creating satisfied customers. DON’T KNOW (0) Senior management meetings give high priority to discussing issues that affect customer satisfaction. DISAGREE (2) From the article, the most important issue is about strategic management to survive and keep the existence of the company, thus we conclude that  management meetings give high priority to discussing these issues instead of issued that affect customer satisfaction. Total score for organizational culture: 2 Total Score: 32 The highlight is on the struggle and effort made by company to stay alive, it tried to find new cooperation with other company to win over new market, decided to abandon the old market and focus on the less risk market In overall, they have lack market orientation that enables them to keep performing well in the respective market. It focused on the competitors instead on their customers, Psion saw the situation as failing without any hope, which maybe correct but maybe if they have taken another path , we may see the market of handheld product differently today

Woodstock 1969 :: essays research papers fc

Many large concerts have occurred in the United States, but none have been as symbolic as the three-day music and art fest that touted the slogans of peace and love. This event was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. Woodstock Music Festival took place near Woodstock New York on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture. Woodstock began with the following four partners: Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman who supplied most of the money and the original idea. Their original plan was to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock music Mecca when musician Bob Dylan and his rock group called the Band settled there. To get the word out, the four partners decided to hold a concert, which they called the Woodstock Music and Art Fair. The group originally tried to have the festival in the town of Woodstock, but the citizens would not permit it. Then after much debate Michael Lang decided to move the concert to Wallkill, New York, where the people also protested, so finally he decided to move it about 70 miles away from the town of Woodstock to Max Yasgur’s dairy farm. Looking back on the sighting of the Bethel farm Lang remarked "It was magic, it was perfect. The sloping bowl, a little rise for the stage, and the lake in the background.† Woodstock had more acts scheduled to play then any other single event ever held before. They were trying to sign the biggest rock ‘n’ roll bands in America. The problem was getting the bands. Bands didn’t want to take contracts from an unproven venture, because they had no credibility. â€Å"To get the contracts, we have to have the credibility, and to get the credibility, we have to get the contracts,† Rosenman said. Woodstock Ventures solved that problem by paying enormous sums unheard of in 1969. The breakthrough came when they signed the Jefferson Airplane, the biggest psychedelic band back then. They signed for $12,000. An incredible sum of money considering the Jefferson Airplane usually took gigs for five or six thousand dollars. Credence Clearwater Revival signed for $11,500, and the Who signed for $12,500.

Leaving Corporate America to Buy a Website :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

Leaving Corporate America to Buy a Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com As a Group Manager of VotanWeb, I receive a lot of email. One frequently asked question relates to making the transition from the corporate world to the entrepreneurial world of the internet. Many people have always dreamed of owning a web site and finally they decide to move toward that dream. They wonder how much money they need to invest as well as how they can obtain financing to purchase an existing website. Often, they have plenty of experience and determination, but very little money. I must make it very clear that it is rare for anyone to purchase a website without putting some of their own cash into it. Few website acquisitions are 100% financed. There is no free lunch. Any potential lender or investor will want to see that you are putting your own money into the website. There are many sources of money to finance the purchase of a website. Many online entrepreneurs start with a second mortgage on a home, tapping into their existing equity. Others are successful starting with funds from friends or family members. This could be either a loan or an investment in return for a piece of the business. Either way, make certain that it's spelled out in writing and all parties understand what they're getting into. The Small Business Administration is another possibility. Remember, the SBA does NOT lend money for people to buy websites. The SBA guarantees loans made by lenders, up to a certain amount, for small website acquisitions. There are both good and bad points to an SBA loan. The good news is that there is money available; up to $1,300,000. The terms for repayment are favorable. When a website passes the SBA qualifications, you can be fairly confident that it is a solid website. If you do not have at least 25% equity in your home, you may not have to fully collateralize the loan. Typically, they will finance 70-80% of the deal. It might be possible to secure seller financing if you've demonstrated some knowledge of the market and you can convince the website owner that you have a high probability of success. If you have risen up through the corporate ranks, then you have already demonstrated leadership skills. Investors look upon track records of leadership with approval.

Chicken Run Essay

The implications if a major customers had gone into is level, it will affect the company cash flow because every payment received the company may have to use it to cover its operating expenses apart from getting profit. Accumulated debtors will show the collection department performance. Low cash flow will affect many areas in an organization. The company may have to make another loan to run it business. Other than that it may have problem to run the business if the cash flow is low. For example, if the company unable to pay the suppliers on time. The supplier may stop to supply product to the company. If the suppliers really stop supplying product, the company may face problem to produce product. This will directly affect the company sales because its fail to produce product to its customers. If the company do not work hard to reduce this important area they may be looking at legal remedies, or even write off debts and that means spending money to get money. The other implication is that, the company will have a very unhealthy debtor’s aging. Where it is supposed to be a guidelines to the company. For example when a debtor reach it limit, the company should be alerted to chase payment based on the debtors aging. But in this case, Encik Selamat has been giving authority to the marketing department to continue supply products to Cold Gold Sdn Bhd because of the closed relationship. Indirectly, it shows that Encik Selamat does not performing his duty rationally. Which effect his image as a manager. He is supposed to show his leadership by having a very good judgement. For example to stop supply products to Cold Gold Sdn Bhd until they settle their debts. Refer to the case Chicken Run; i) How would you assess the financial health of the company? I would assess the financial health of the company based on the gross profit of the company. The higher the gross profit the healthier it is. Of course we have to consider the operating expenses of the company but operating expenses are still under the company control and discretion before we can get the net profit. Other than that, I would assess the financial health of the company by obtaining a history of your company’s financial statements. Five years’ worth is usually a good base. Next, convert the financial statements to common size. Common size financial statements are simply a company’s financials expressed in the form of percentages rather than dollars. A common size format readily identifies trends and growth patterns. Additionally, since industry benchmark data is often produced in this format, it makes it easier to compare the results with the competition. Industry benchmark information can be obtained from a commercial vendor, accountant, or depending upon the industry, from trade associations. Next, financial ratios are calculated. There are a number of ratios to choose from. Some of the more common measure liquidity, debt coverage, leverage, and operating and profit performance. Their relevance is dependent upon your company, its operating characteristics and the industry. Bankers and accountants can be especially useful in identifying the more pertinent ratios. The information gathered thus far is analyzed and compiled on a trended, composite and industry basis. The results of this analysis, when performed  regularly, help you to monitor and recognize the vital statistics necessary for the success and growth of your business. The benefits of this assessment include: Competitive Advantages & Disadvantages An industry assessment enables you to identify your company’s strengths and weaknesses and acquire valuable information on the competition. Budgeting & Forecasting Studying trends and growth patterns is a very effective preliminary step in preparing internal budgets and forecasts. Strategic Planning Recognizing specific performance measurements (company and industry) will help to set goals and objectives for the future (e.g., increasing sales, gross profit margins, and net income). Acquisition Opportunities Knowledge of key performance measurements assists in the evaluation of a proposed sale, merger or acquisition. Focus Greater awareness of the interrelationship of the financial statements and a complete understanding of financial operations allows you to focus on the areas important to the growth and success of your business. ii) What would you suggest as appropriate course of actions? As an appropriate course of actions, I would suggest the directors to refer the â€Å"Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2012† as a guidelines to take action against Encik Selamat which involves in unethical activities such as conflict of interest and lack of integrity. Other than that, the internal control of the company should be revised. For example the debtor collection procedures. It has to follow proper standard operating procedures such as when invoices issue to a customers, the payment terms must follow the credit period. Any payment overdue must be chase every month. If it reach the 120 days amount overdue, warning letter should be  issue to the debtors, then stop supplying product to the debtors until payment made. Besides that, Internal Audit must be done regularly. This is to audit the operation run based on the standard operating procedures. Any discrepancy found must be rectify immediately to avoid any unwanted issue to happen. For example, Ms Choy has discovered that the credit limit of Cold Gold Sdn Bhd, one of its major customers had gone into its level and yet the marketing department continued to supply products to the company. If the company do internal audit regularly, this issue may not happen because the internal auditor will detect the problem while it is still under early stage. Other than that, this will avoid Encik Selamat from making unethical activities due to his awareness from the internal auditor. Monthly meeting also can help in this case. Where, Encik Selamat required to report the company performance monthly. In this case, the company should have monthly credit meeting. The purpose of this meeting is to make sure all debtors are monitored closely. Any amount hanging in the debtors aging should have remarks or the status should have been identified. For example, if the debts is not paid within the 30 days period, it should state the reason why? At least we know that chasing of debts run actively by the collection department. If the debtors do not pay according to their credit period, the management at least can give suggestion and acknowledge about that issue.