15 Quotes Bust 5 Myths About Being Famous

There is a proverb that goes, Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. While being famous is every childs aspiration, fame has its own set of prickly issues. Do you want fame for the sake of being famous? Or do you want fame as a part of success? Being famous has its  share of perks. Most people chase a dream of being a celebrity because they associate power to fame. Famous people have fawning fans, media attention, and spotlight on themselves. Not to mention a huge bank account and freebies that come as perks of being a celebrity. Celebrities attract crowds, and they have a huge influence on the masses. Perhaps the need to being famous arises from the need to be appreciated and loved. However, it is not easy to be famous. In most cases, famous people also have to bear the brunt of their popularity. Dirty gossip, slander, and scandals are a part of every celebritys life. They are judged too harshly for their mistakes and criticized for their action, however naive. Here are some myth-busting facts about being famous.   Myth #1: Being Famous Means Being Loved by Everyone. You couldnt be farther from the truth here. There is no correlation between being famous and being loved. True, you have a bunch of ardent fans, who will mimic everything you say or do in public. But that does not mean they love you. It is just that they find you attractive enough to copy. Or because they dont have a strong personality of their own. In most cases, being famous means being under the hot scrutiny of every prying eye. Nothing is spared. Not your private life. Not your past life. Not your unflattering moments. Nothing at all. People love you only as long as they care. Once they get bored  or find another celebrity worthy of attention, they will gravitate towards the new kid on the block. Myth #2: Famous People Have Tons of Money. While most famous people have lavish lifestyles, that does not necessarily translate into huge bank balances. Most celebrities are on the brink of bankruptcy, because of their exaggerated lifestyle, and uncontrolled expenditure. Many famous people run themselves down before the spotlights fade away. To be a celebrity, you have to maintain a certain persona, which requires a lot of financial support. Botox and facelifts can cost a bomb, but they are necessary evils for most celebrities who want to maintain a certain image in public. Myth #3: Being Famous Means Being Invited to Grand Parties. Yes, that may be true. Being a celebrity means that you have to attend grand, lavish parties. Thats a part of the package. You may be invited to the Queens ball or the biggest rock show of the year, and you would be required to attend it. There is a benefit of hobnobbing with the whos who of the world. You may get more offers, opportunities, and favors. Thats how the rich turn richer too. So, fame begets fame in many more ways than one. Myth #4. Famous People Are Powerful and Can Do Whatever They Want. I disagree with this statement. While famous people do have the power to influence the mind of masses, they can do precious little with their own life. Do you think Kim Kardashian could walk to a supermarket and buy herself some shampoo? Or do you think that Madonna could enjoy a walk on the beach without being hounded by pesky fans? In most cases, famous people have to watch their words and actions, more carefully than the average person. A slip of the tongue, a misunderstood phrase, or even a moment of vulnerability can destroy the image of the celebrity. We know of many celebrities who were completely shipwrecked after their alleged misdemeanor. Michael Jacksons life was destroyed after the scandal of sexual abuse of children. Lindsay Lohan went into oblivion after her drug and alcohol addiction. Tiger Woods lost his celebrity status after his alleged extramarital affairs with many women. Myth #5: Famous People Have Thousands of Important Friends. While you could say that famous people have important contacts,  they cannot be classified as friends. Would these important friends stand by you in your hour of need? Most of the time, famous people share a cordial relationship with other important people, only as long as they are of value. If you lose your celebrity status, most of those important friends will disappear from your life, because they have no use for you. Most celebrities have a symbiotic relationship with other celebrities. As long as there is a mutual give and take, the relationship exists. Why You Should Read These Quotes About Being Famous Imagine you are a celebrity. Every time you step out of your car, cameras go popping, and the paparazzi mob you. Now, imagine this to be an everyday affair. How does it feel being famous? Everyone enjoys a bit of fame, but the flip side of being famous can be daunting. Do celebrities enjoy being famous? Get to know what it takes to be a celebrity. Learn how the whos who of the world carry on with their celebrity status without feeling daunted. Here are 15 quotes that explore both sides of being famous.  These are quotes from celebrities who live under the scanner all the time. Jessica Alba: I dont need to be famous. Im not that ambitious. At this point, if Im not sucked in, Im never going to get sucked in. Being the so-called hot girl, I disconnect from that. Its not that deep. Britney Spears: Being famous is just a job. Carmen Electra: Honestly, in the beginning, it was really tough. Coming from Cincinnati, Ohio, I was just a girl who had a dream, which was to go to Los Angeles, have a career and to be able to support my family. To have a dream like that and, you know, youre not ready. Bob Marley: I handle fame by not being famous. Im not famous to me. Noel Gallagher: I like being famous. It can be a bit of a pain but you get free food in restaurants and people send you clothes. Elaine Page: I never enjoyed being famous. Britney Spears: The cool thing about being famous is traveling. I have always wanted to travel across seas, like to Canada and stuff. Michael Jordan: The good part about being famous is being able to help people. The hard part is every day you have to be in a good mood, because that is what people expect. You learn to get good at it. Wilma Rudolph: When I was going through my transition of being famous, I tried to ask God Why was I here? What was my purpose? Surely, it wasnt just to win three gold medals. There has to be more to this life than that. Ashton Kutcher: A lot of people cant deal with me being famous and shit, so they got themselves crossed off the party list, dog! Its a real drag sometimes, but I try not to let it affect me, you know? Annette Bening: Acting is not about being famous, its about exploring the human soul. Jeremy London: Ive never dreamed of being famous. The idea of it really scares me. Terry Wogan: Theres nothing to be said for being famous. Its a pain. You cant be rude to people - its inexcusable not to be nice. Anyway, its not in my nature. I was trained to be nice. Aaron Carter: My favorite thing about being famous... its not really as big of a deal as everybody says it is. Being on the road is tough, doing interviews, and all the stuff. Its still pretty tough. Sally Jessy Raphael: You go to school, you get a masters degree, you study Shakespeare and you wind up being famous for plastic glasses.

Childhood Trauma - 1607 Words

Running head: CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND ITS IMPACT Childhood Trauma And Its Impact On The Brain The nature versus nurture debate in human development is longstanding with many opposing viewpoints. However, numerous studies have confirmed that the maturation and development of the brain has a â€Å"reciprocal relationship with the environment† (Wilson, Hansen Li, 2001). With the brain developing at its fastest rate in childhood, it is especially impressionable to early life experiences. If those experiences include repeated trauma of abuse or neglect, optimal brain development and function is threatened. Chronic activation of a child’s stress response system affects†¦show more content†¦The prominent symptoms of depression are low mood, sleep and appetite disturbances, and diminished interest in daily activities. Carr continued, â€Å"Major depression is an episodic disorder characterized by major depressive episodes and intervening periods of normal mood† (2007, p.3). Early life trauma is considered a significant precursor of depression (LaNoue, Graeber, Hernandez, Warner Helitzer, 2010). Childhood trauma affects many brain systems. The stress response system and its cosystems pay the greatest toll when a child experiences chronic threat. Taking a closer look at the functions of the HPA axis and the steroid hormone, cortisol, aid in identifying the precursors to depression. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in depression was a vital discovery in psychoneuroendocrinology (Heim, Newport, Mletzko, Miller Nemeroff, 2008). Heim et al., stated, â€Å"The HPA axis represents the major neuroendocrine stress response system designed to maintain stability and health† (2008, p.694). Unfortunately, when a child is subjected to repeated trauma, dysregulation of the HPA axis occurs. Studies also found that cortisol, a multifunctional steroid produced in the adrenal gland, reinforced the body’s ability to cope in the face of danger. In situations of chronic threat, a condition called ‘hypercortisolism’ (persistently high cortisol levels) can lead to an array ofShow MoreRelatedChildhood Trauma1541 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Trauma Family violence is always disheartening. Childhood sexual abuse is by far the worse. There are many forms of childhood sexual abuse. The sexual abuse can involve seduction by a beloved relative or it can be a violent act committed by a stranger. Childhood sexual trauma causes psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral. This paper will show a first account of the impact of childhood trauma. Family History Jewel grew up in turmoil. She found out fromRead MoreThe Trauma Of Childhood And Adolescence1503 Words   |  7 PagesCynthia’s Attachment Style Chronic trauma in childhood and adolescence include macrotraumatic events – physical abuse, sexual assault, physical neglect – as well as a variety of cumulative microtrauma including constant devaluations and excessive demands, lack of security, emotional abuse, neglect, and a variety of separation and losses. For this type of trauma, the concept of attachment trauma has been proposed to underline the high damage potential of these influences. Main characteristics ofRead MoreChildhood Trauma And Depression In Adulthood1708 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood trauma and Depression in Adulthood Misha StMichael Intro to Psychology Paul Rabideau October 13, 2017 Research Article Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood by the University of Kassel, Psychoanalytic Psychology,shows that childhood trauma is significantly involved in the development of depression. The aim of a study by Sigmund Freud institute, â€Å"was to examine the prevalence of retrospectively recalled childhood trauma in chronically depressed patientsRead MoreChildhood Trauma, And Juvenile Delinquency1826 Words   |  8 PagesThere has been an enormous amount of research, going back almost thirty years, about the relationship between childhood trauma, and juvenile delinquency. Many researches cannot say that there is a direct link between the two, but after much research, researches have found that childhood trauma can perhaps be a predictor for juveniles who later in life commit crimes. Trauma is defined as, â€Å"a disordered psychic or behavioral state resulting from severe mental or emotional stress or physical injuryRead MoreChildho od Trauma And The Personality Disorders Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Trauma affects more than twenty-five percent of children in America every year (NCMHP, 2012). This astounding statistic implies that multitudes of individuals are now dealing with the chronic results that these traumas induce, one reoccurring result being personality disorder. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severityRead MoreChildhood Trauma and the Impact of Adulthood1381 Words   |  6 Pagestheir childhood(s). Lenore C. Terr (January, 1999) states, Childhood trauma appears to be a critical etiological factor in the development of a number of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. To better understand childhood trauma, Terr defines this as, the mental result of one sudden, external or a series of blows, rendering the young person temporarily helpless and breaking past ordinary coping and defense operations (January, 1999). The statistics of childhood trauma is alarmingRead MoreLiterature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesstudies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their mental and physical health as older adults. 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One must also take into considerationRead MoreChildhood Trauma and Neurological Development Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood is a time for playdates and learning, a time for big dreams and imaginary adventures. Safety and security should not be questions that linger in uncertainty. However, this is not the case for many children across the globe. Thousands of children from all walks of life each day are faced with unspeakable horror and must deal with the resulting trauma from then on. However, in children, managing this trauma takes a different toll on the mind and heart than it does in adults. While the typeRead MoreThe Lifelong Health Effects Of Childhood Trauma1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that I have decided to write about is childhood trau ma. I wanted to research the lifelong health effects that are caused by childhood trauma. One thing that has always concerned me is the life of children growing up in war-zones or areas with extreme poverty and crime. I assume that there is a correlation between traumatic experiences and health. Many people would argue that the correlation behind it is that it is more likely that a person makes bad health decisions like drinking and doing

Identify the Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Essay Sample free essay sample

Safeguarding is the term that has replaced the term Child Protection. It includes advancing children’s safety and public assistance every bit good as protecting kids when maltreatment happens. It has merely been developed in the past 50 old ages. and the demand for improved statute law has been highlighted by instances such as Maria Colwell ( 1973 ) and Victoria Climbie ( 2000 ) as these instances showed failings in processs. The United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) is an international homo rights pact that grants all kids a comprehensive set of rights. The convention has 54 articles and it sets out in item what every kid needs to hold for a safe. happy and fulfilled childhood. Article 19 provinces children’s rights to be ‘protected from all signifiers of physical or mental force. hurt or maltreatment. disregard or negligent intervention. ill-treatment or development. including sexual abuse’ . The United kingdom signed up to the pa ct in 1990 and all UN provinces apart from the United States and Somalia have now officially approved the convention and are lawfully bound to implement statute law which supports each of the articles. The Children’s Act 1989 identifies the duties of parents and professionals who must work to guarantee the safety of the kid ; it refers to safeguarding in subdivisions 47 and 17. Section 47 provinces that the local authorization has a responsibility to look into when ‘they have sensible cause to surmise that a kid who lives. or is found. in their country is enduring. or likely to endure. important harm’ . Section 147 provinces that services must be put into topographic point by local governments and promote the public assistance of kids within their country who are in need’ . The Education Act 2002 requires school regulating organic structures. local instruction governments and farther instruction establishments to do agreements to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids. The Children Act 2004 provides the legal model for Every Child Matters which was the government’s response to Victoria Climbie inquiry study and in bend led to the Children Act 2004. It includes the demand for * services to work more closely. organizing an incorporate service * a common appraisal model to assist the early designation of demand * a share d database of information which is relevant to the safety and public assistance of kids * earlier support for parents who are sing jobs The Sexual Offences Act 2003 was introduced to update the statute law associating to offenses against kids. It includes the offenses of preparing. maltreatment of place of trust. trafficking. and screens offenses committed by British citizens whilst abroad. It besides updated the Sex Offenders Act 1997 to beef up the monitoring of wrongdoers on the sex offenders’ registry. The Department for Education ( DfE ) offers policy counsel for local governments and schools. The two chief counsel policies are Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) and What to make if you are worried a kid is being abused ( 2006 ) . Working together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) sets out how administrations and persons should work together to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids and immature people in conformity with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. Working Together is addressed to practicians and frontline directors who have peculiar duties for safeguarding and advancing the public assistance of kids. and to senior and operational directors in: ? administrations that are responsible for commissioning or supplying services to kids. immature people. and grownups who are parents/carers ; and ? administrations that have a peculiar duty for safeguarding and advancing the public assistance of kids and immature people. The Guidance was revised a fter Lord Lamings study. The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report. in March 2009. and published in 2010. What to make if you are worried a kid is being abused ( 2006 ) provides best pattern counsel for those who work with kids in order to safeguard their public assistance. It besides contains an appendix to assist practicians with the legal issues impacting the sharing of information. The counsel provides general information for anyone whose work brings them into contact with kids and households. concentrating peculiarly on those who work in societal attention. wellness. instruction and condemnable justness services. Addressing issues impacting each of these mark audiences. the papers lineations: * what you should make if you have concerns about a child’s public assistance * what will go on one time you have informed person about those concerns * what farther part you may be asked or expected to do to the procedures of appraisal. planning. working with kids. and reexamining that work. The counsel is accompanied with flow charts following the process from referral. initial apprais al. exigency action that might necessitate to be taken. through to what happens after a scheme treatment and kid protection reappraisal conference. Safeguarding Children and Safer Recruitment in Education ( 2007 ) sets out the duties of all local governments. schools and Further Education ( FE ) colleges in England to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids and immature people. It sets out enlisting best pattern. some underpinned by statute law. for the school. local authorization. and FE instruction sectors. This includes vetting processs and Criminal Record Bureau ( CRB ) cheques. After the Soham slayings. the regulations were changed. â€Å"Enhanced† cheques besides reveal where an person has been investigated by constabularies but there has been no strong belief. Anyone working in a school would besides be checked against the Independent Safeguarding Authority’s ( ISA ) barred list. a database of people deemed unsuitable to work with kids. â€Å"Under no fortunes must a voluntary who has non obtained a CRB Disclosure be left unsupervised with kids. † the Department for Education guidelines province. Anyone working in a school would besides be checked against the Independent Safeguarding Authority’s ( ISA ) barred list. a database of people deemed unsuitable to work with kids and â€Å"Under no fortunes must a voluntary who has non obtained a CRB Disclosure be left unsupervised with children† . Schools must develop policies utilizing these and other guidelines that guarantee the safety. security and well-being of their students. These will put out the duties of staff and the processs that they must follow. These policies can be separate i. e. Safeguarding Policy. Strong-arming Policy or one policy i. e. Health and Safety Policy. These must include subdivisions which cover * safeguarding and protecting and processs on describing * e- safety * intimidation. including cyber intimidationSchools have a duty to:†¢ know. support and protect kids who are identified as being at greater hazard – that is. on the ‘at hazard register’ †¢ proctor. maintain records and portion appropriate information with other bureaus. †¢ observe for marks that maltreatment may be go oning. alterations in children’s behavior or failure to boom. and refer any concerns †¢ provide chances for professional preparation of all staff associating to Safeguarding †¢ put into topographic point policies and security systems for e-learning activities. for illustration. supply preparation for kids and usage filtering package †¢ develop children’s consciousness and their cognition of what is acceptable and non acceptable behaviors. including when utilizing the Internet The Byron Review ( 2008 ) reported on the hazards to kids from exposure to potentially harmful or inappropriate stuff on the cyberspa ce and in video games. and issued counsel on how they should be protected. There must besides be a named member of staff with peculiar duties for safeguarding kids and for e-safety. Safeguarding is a really of import issue when working with Children and Young People. It is of import that all people working with kids and immature people are cognizant of the statute law. guidelines and policies on safeguarding including e-safety.

Victorian society Essay Example

Victorian society Essay In the figure of Dracula, Stoker created an image of otherness. Dracula is physically other, the dark, unconscious, the sexuality that Victorian England denied. He is also culturally other: a revenant from the ages of superstition. More significantly, he is socially other: the embodiment of all the social forces that lurked just beneath the frontiers of Victorian middle-class consciousness, everything that was socially other to the Victorian bourgeoisie. He represents all dark, foreign (i. e. non-English) races; all dark, foreign (i. e.non-bourgeois) classes; and (paradoxically) the dark, exotic aristocracy, which, though moribund, might suddenly resurge. It is otherness itself, all that bourgeois society has repudiated, that Dracula represents the psychically repressed and the socially oppressed. This is reminiscent of Kipps as he represses the shrill neigh of the pony, which represents his bestial instincts, and the screaming child who represents an age of innocence which has been lost, to preserve his business-like lawyer exterior, which ultimately returns to haunt him. The intrinsically fantastical nature of the gothic novel has always allowed it to be far more graphic in its exploration of the darker realms of the human psyche. The frequent allusions to sexuality and innuendo that were so commonplace in the gothic were very titilating, yet abstract enough to be tolerated in prudish societies of the past. The transition from a child to a sexualised adult is a gothic convention, and the genre has dared to be different by reversing typical gender roles, sometimes casting the female in the ascendancy. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast to other genres, sexual relations are often portrayed as corrupt and depraved in the gothic, with insinuations of paedophilia, fairly blatant homo-eroticism, for example in Dracula, rapaciousness and even incest. The gothic often explores the darker nature of human sexuality, and conveys the unspeakable and taboo aspects of sexual relationships, which perhaps explains its popularity in the sexually oppressive Victorian society.

The Name of the Rose; Movie vs Essay Essays

The Name of the Rose; Movie vs Essay Essays The Name of the Rose; Movie vs Essay Paper The Name of the Rose; Movie vs Essay Paper Differences from the movie to the book can make a huge difference in a arsons outlook toward It; if the plot has drastic changes then the movie is rarely better than the book. Set in 1327, The Name of the Rose by Umber Echo will grab your attention from the first sentence and keep you entertained throughout the novel. The movie, which Is Introduced as a palimpsest of Umber ECHO novel has many drawbacks from making It as spectacular as the novel Itself. The Name of the Rose has two main characters, William of Basketballs and Dads of Milk. Dads is the first character to be introduced, but it is Dads in the future calling the events of William and his six days spent at the Abbey. William and Dads are brought to the Abbey to participate in a debate with a papal legation over the poverty of Christ as well as the status of the Franciscan order. However, upon their arrival, Addled, a young illustrator of the manuscripts, had been murdered and they are asked to help investigate the crime. During prayer the next morning, another body is discovered; Venetians, a young translator of the manuscripts, was found in a vat of pigs blood. William and Dads begin looking for a book that they believe both Addled and Venusians were reading. The only people allowed in the library are the librarian and his assistant, which makes the Investigation even harder. Bernard, the librarians assistant, goes missing on the third day. Continuing the Investigations, William deciphers a code that Venetians had left behind, which will help William and Dads get further into the library. On the fourth day, they found the Finis African, which is the room where they believe the book is hidden. The fifth day Severing, the herbalist of the Abbey, was found dead and the book that William had trusted him tit has been stolen. Malachite, the chief librarian of the Abbey, is blamed for the taking of the book. After Malachite died in prayer on the sixth day, it seemed as though William was going to solve the case, but the abbot then informed him that he did not want him investigating the crimes of the Abbey anymore. William and Dads find Jorge, a blind elderly monk who knows a great deal about books and the library, with the book In the Falls African and discovered the truth behind all of the murders. Jorge refused to let the book be read by anybody and ate all of the poisonous pages, knocked over a lamp and started the library on fire. When the library started on fire, there was little hope for the Abbey ever being as admired as it once had been (The Name AT ten Rose). When a book is created into a film, there are always details of the plot that are changed. The film The Name of the Rose, directed by Jean Jacques Unhand, has a similar plot as the novel but gives Off different effect. As said by David Wisteria, While the novel was a satisfying and complex mystery that inspired the intellect, the film is a satisfying and complex mystery that inspires indigestion (Wisteria). This statement makes clear the difference of movies and books; Books can give more in depth details about the characters, setting, and emotions while movies create a picture to see the details. I personally like reading books better than watching movies because of the detail the books give. In the book, Dads of Milk is a Benedictine novice whereas in the movie he is a Franciscan novice; the whole story can be altered when changes in the plot are made. With the novel being lengthy, it is hard to fit every single event into a movie without it being multiple hours long. One hinge that was cut out of the movie is a long dream that Dads had towards the end of the sixth day. Another thing that is obsolete from the movie is how the Abbot clearly assigns William to be the investigator of the murders that have been happening in the Abbey and the Abbot tells William that the difficult is forbidden at night. I think knowing that William is in charge of the murder case is key to understanding the plot, but if that is not shown in the movie it may be difficult for some viewers to understand what is happening until the movie progresses. To help reduce the Engel of the movie, the main characters discussions about the time period and heretics was drastically cut down; also dialogue concerning comedy and religion is nonexistent in the film. Little changes like these can change the major effect of a story and it can sometimes even change the whole story itself. The Abbot himself is a strange character, both in the film and the book. He never seems to know what is truly going on, and he seems to change sides of the murder cases throughout the story. In the book, the Abbot becomes the sixth victim by Jorge trapping him in a ethereal, ultimately suffocating him to death; in the film, the Abbot Just stops making appearances. There could be many reasons why the Abbot Just stops appearing in the film: money costs, the movie would have been too long to make him a victim also, or the actor himself had health problems. Another character that never even makes an appearance in the film is Benny of Pascal. Benny was also a suspect in the murders and even helped William and Dads in the investigation for a short period of time. As the library is burning, Benny is suspected to die from running in and having he floor of the library collapse. Jorge is another character who keeps things interesting. The history of the Abbey librarians, who traditionally become Abbots later on, is cut out of the film. By cutting out the history of the librarians and the history of how Jorge was chosen for this position, Gorges motivation for revenge is cut down drastically. Gorges speech that is given in the book about the apocalypse and the ruin of the Abbey because of its pursuit of knowledge is cut down to merely an exclamation in the film, due too panic of Malachites death. The most notable change room the novel to the movie was the ending. In the novel, Bernard Gut, a Judge in the Inquisition, does not die and he takes Remixing, the cellarer of the Abbey, Salvatore, member of a heretical cult, and a peasant girl, from the village below the monastery, with him and his escorts. Remixing is taken to Avignon, which is the seat AT ten pope, Tort Nils trial Detour en Is Turned. Ass tan Bernard Gull will burn the girl on the way and that Salvatore, who is forgiven, may or may not be burned as well. The film has Remixing and Salvatore being burned at the stakes by Bernard Gut. Bernard Gui is then killed by the peasants and is not able to burn the girl, who escapes during all the chaos of the library burning (The Name of the Rose). Not set out to please a vast crowd of book buyers, Umber Echo wrote The Name of the Rose to amuse him with a tale of church politics and murder. As Said by Peter Burke from History Today, The Name of the Rose is worth reading for the literal sense alone, as a well constructed thriller, though even here intellectuality makes its appearance in the form of references to Cowan Doyle. The book can also be read as n allegory, a book about structuralism (Burke, Peter). There are many different ways to look at the book, as pointed out by Burke. Not expecting his novel to be a best seller in Europe and the United States, Umber Echo was shocked when in 1983 he found out his book was going to be turned into a movie. Elaborate sets, dim lighting and misty landscapes, created by director Jean-Jacques Unhand, gives the movie a kind of atmosphere that had no single mood. Announced as a palimpsest in the opening credits, shows how Unhand used plot synopsis to create this film. As Vincent Canny of The New York Times says, As Brother William, the voice of reason in an age of superstition, Sean Concern does his best to find the films proper tone, which should have been provided by Mr.. Unhand and the four people who wrote the screenplay. Mr.. Concern doesnt have an easy time of it (Canny, Vincent). With this review, I think most people were shocked with the popularity of the book, thinking the film would have been much better. Other reviews have some similar and some different opinions of the film. For instance, Mac from Time Out New York says The monks themselves are marvelous, a gallery of grotesques straight out of Burgher, and if the film has faults, they are quibbles: the murder mystery is solved too soon, and rather too much plot is crammed into the available space. (Mac). I agree with what Mac has to say, I think that the novel is too lengthy with too many important details to be left, making this a recipe for a disaster when trying to create a film. I also agree with Mac when he credits the monks on being marvelous and a gallery of grotesques straight out of Burgher because the monks were very well depicted in he film. Sheila Benson from The Los Angels Times says, From the moment the credits announce that Jean-Jacques Naiads film is a palimpsest of Umber Echos novel, you know that youre in for a heavy cultural weather (Benson, Sheila). This clearly states that Benson agrees with Canny and Mac when they say, too much plot for too little time. From the beginning, Unhand had many challenges when he took on the responsibility of fitting a 500-page novel into a two-hour film. There was no question that there would be changes in the plot, with the characters, and minor detail changes. Even though the movie was a palimpsest of the novel, Unhand still made his point and created a decent film.

Free Essays on Capitalism

A capitalist economy is a supply and demand side economy. Adam Smith was the founder of this idea in his book, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations,† written in 1776. Capitalism is an economic system based on the principal of no government interference or ownership of the means of production and property. The capitalist economy is the best known to date because it has a tendency for competition to keep the prices of products with in the lines of the needs of the consumers. The idea of capitalism changed the way of the government and gave birth to a new industrial error in the United States. Capitalism is an ideal way of running a society in that the government does not have a large role in the economy, people who act in self interest could bring greater good for the society and trade is based on supply and demand. hrusa.org/hrmaterials/sustecon/others/capitalist.htm Government in a social economy is limited. Industries are controlled by individual owners. It is a Lassie Faire or free enterprise system. Corporations are large companies that extend ownership out to the members of its community. In the elimination of the government intervention, competition is created between businesses. slp.org. Competition produces better products cheaper products and new products. Monopolies are an unwanted burden to a capitalist economy because competition decreases. dsausa.org Consumers are the ordinary everyday working class citizens. Every consumer has to earn money to achieve buying things that they need. To create jobs resources are needed to be produced. Resources are produced and adjusted to fit the demands of the people. People who have needs and desires work to get what they need. Efficiency in each individual contributes to a better flow in the way things operate. The assembly line is an example of how efficiency in each individual contributes to the overall production. Karl Marx revolutionized th... Free Essays on Capitalism Free Essays on Capitalism A capitalist economy is a supply and demand side economy. Adam Smith was the founder of this idea in his book, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations,† written in 1776. Capitalism is an economic system based on the principal of no government interference or ownership of the means of production and property. The capitalist economy is the best known to date because it has a tendency for competition to keep the prices of products with in the lines of the needs of the consumers. The idea of capitalism changed the way of the government and gave birth to a new industrial error in the United States. Capitalism is an ideal way of running a society in that the government does not have a large role in the economy, people who act in self interest could bring greater good for the society and trade is based on supply and demand. hrusa.org/hrmaterials/sustecon/others/capitalist.htm Government in a social economy is limited. Industries are controlled by individual owners. It is a Lassie Faire or free enterprise system. Corporations are large companies that extend ownership out to the members of its community. In the elimination of the government intervention, competition is created between businesses. slp.org. Competition produces better products cheaper products and new products. Monopolies are an unwanted burden to a capitalist economy because competition decreases. dsausa.org Consumers are the ordinary everyday working class citizens. Every consumer has to earn money to achieve buying things that they need. To create jobs resources are needed to be produced. Resources are produced and adjusted to fit the demands of the people. People who have needs and desires work to get what they need. Efficiency in each individual contributes to a better flow in the way things operate. The assembly line is an example of how efficiency in each individual contributes to the overall production. Karl Marx revolutionized th...

Task 3--Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 3--Literature - Essay Example ..slavery...stock exchange, the advertisement, the secret police, and the bomb" (Le Guin, 1995, p. 968). The economic, social, and political freedom of the people stems from the absence of any ruling class or institutional structure (e.g. church, school, courts) that governs the daily affairs  of the city. Economically speaking, the people of Omelas live in a prosperous city which can afford "subway trains, washing machines, and all kinds of marvelous devices" but can function just as perfectly well without technological devices  (Le Guin, 1995, p. 968). Beneath this seemingly perfect city lies a moral dilemma that continuously haunts the people of Omelas. The people of Omelas, in addition, are characterized by their psychological, emotional, and moral composition. Its people are free from guilt and all forms of political and economic constraint. All of them, however, acknowledge that their happiness is entirely dependent on the suffering of a single child locked up in a broom cl oset. They feel disgust and anger upon initially learning about the child but soon accept the â€Å"terrible justice of reality† (Le Guin, 1995, p. 971). Once in a while, though, some of them leave Omelas to live with their own personal guilt rather than continue living in that morally ambiguous city.

Effects of recession on marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Effects of recession on marketing - Essay Example During such times, people show preference to the basic products and eliminate the secondary products most of which they can survive without. This stifles the operation of some manufacturers who operate on such secondary products. Knowing the reduced spending, the companies become more articulating in their expenditures since the market does not promise the effective returns as always. They therefore plan their spending trying to sell as much of their product in the uncertain times. Companies therefore engage in unorthodox marketing strategies with the aim of improving their product visibility and possibly sales. While the market is always compelled to use the basic products such as food products and clothing, the purchasing trend changes and becomes characterized by low rates of purchase and purchase in smaller quantities. The trends worsens for some specific products and services considered secondary by the markets. Such products include electronic and leisure services thereby hampe ring the productivity of the tourism sector. Leisure for example is a mode of relaxation in which people engage during specific times. Additionally, such leisure activities are costly and therefore require a lot of money. Most people therefore prefer to remain at home and spend three times with their families thereby saving on the additional and often unnecessary spending through the holidays. Additionally, recessions result in job losses thereby rendering the financial status of some families unpredictable. While they suffer shocks, they detest spending and therefore control their finances stringently often showing preference to the basic products. The reduced market activities require specific marketing strategies to ensure that products and services perform favorably enough to...While this did not change much, the company relies on a number of production features to increase its marketing process thereby increasing its product visibility in the market at relatively lower costs. A mong such is the diversification of its products among the different market segments (Bogomolova, 2011). The soft drinks manufacturer produces an assortment of other products under different names thereby increasing its market base. Among its most common products are coca cola from where it borrows the name, sprite and Fanta among other types of soft drinks and enriched waters. Besides the product diversification, the company sponsors a number of different sporting events through its different products thereby earning relevance and recognition among the lovers of such sports. Looking at the activities of the two giant companies one of which is an electronic manufacturer while the other is a beverage manufacturer, it becomes evident that recessions require effective management including reduced spending. The companies understand the essence of advertisement and therefore spend fortunes on increasing their product visibility. During recessions, even the big corporations control their spending showing preference to more productive venture. One of the budgets that such business revise is their advertising budgets. This therefore validates the creative advertisement mechanisms that some of such corporations employ like the sponsorship deals.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay To whom it may concern, Im a student at Paris Polytechnic University specializing in Computer Science. Right from the very first time I heard about your double degree program I was very interested. Not only given the opportunity to study a year abroad, immersing myself into another culture, but also receiving an american masters degree by a top institution would sure add a lot of value to my professional options. The more I found out about it the more I believed it a perfect fit for me. This last year I complemented my studies with an internship at Accenture Technology Solutions. During this internship I realized that although Ive always enjoyed my studies in Computer Science I needed also to broaden my knowledge with business subjects. Thats how I finally decided for the Masters in Computer Science with specialization in Business. The summer before university I went to Johns Hopkins University for their Pre-College Summer Student Program where I studied Programming in Java and Astronomy so I feel confident Ill be able to adapt to having classes in English and done in the american learning style which implies more work done from the student. During my years in university Ive always enjoyed the extra-curricular activities offered by my school. I joined the Rugby team the first year and for the last two was appointed second captain and responsible for the teams trainings. Afterwards I joined the photography and film club where I was able to share my interest about movies with others. On my third year I wanted to help organize our university trip to Mexico, so I took the duties of treasurer and helped raise money to cheapen the trip. Doing so many activities helped me better manage my time and learn to prioritize in order to never neglect my studies. The experience I got during my internship made me think about what I wanted to do after I got my degree and because I enjoyed it so much I think consulting could be a very good option but as Ive stated before in order to pursue that I would need to complement my technological knowledge with business and managerial subjects which is why I believe IIT, the Computer Science with Business specialization Masters and me are a perfect fit for each other. Ive already taken the tests required for admission and believe I have scores above the minimum stated for this program so I really hope you take my candidacy into consideration since Im really looking forward to study at your institution.

E.E. Cummings :: essays papers

E.E. Cummings is characteristically American. He is a famous, well known American author. I found that his writing style is of a stereotypical American. What is it to be stereotypically American? Well I found that one of the main things is that you can say or write whatever you want and not feel threatened about if what your saying is the right thing or not. Also a lot of Americans will use sarcasm. Also you don’t have to come right out and say whatever you mean. Some will talk about something completely different then what they are really trying to say. Cummings used a good amount of sarcasm in his writing. He sort of made fun of things in his poems without coming out and saying it. He also doesn’t just come right out and say what he means. I haven’t been able to figure out many of his poems at all. The things he says just makes no sense at all. Even after analyzing his work I haven’t been able to understand what he means. I think that is one thing that most Americans do in one way or another. Cummings also wrote a large amount of poems that probably would have offended people in one way or another. But freedom of speech is one thing that all Americans have. We can say whatever we want and not have to answer to anyone about it. If we were in another country that freedom of speech isn’t allowed he possibly could have been thrown in jail for some of his writings. He was known for his lack of correct punctuation and capitalization in his writings. Very often he would write his name as "e.e. cummings", not even capitalizing his own name. He basically had his own style of writing things even though they were not written correctly. He never followed any of the rules which might have been one of the reasons he was so remembered. He was born in Cambridge Massachusetts. He grew up there and worked at a mail-order publishing company for a short time. He decided to volunteer for the Norton-Harjes Ambulance group in France. He was imprisoned for three months in a French Detention camp. While being there

What Ethics of Care in Nursing Means to Me

My definition of Ethic of Care is caring for individuals equally throughout all cultural backgrounds while using a precise fair code of ethics. It is extremely pertinent that ethic of care be implemented into nursing care in order for this to happen we must first understand the meaning of ethics. Ethics is the ideal actions of right and wrong behavior. With that said Ethic of Care should be looked at as a standard of nursing that must be met. When I become a nurse I will implement ethic of care in various ways.When I am assigned a patient I will be sure that their comfort level is maximized given the situation and most importantly I will communicate in my verbal and no-verbal behavior that the patient is of high importance. I will let the patient know that I will do any and everything in my power to address their situation as unique and in the most caring and respectable manor. Like theorist Leineger, I think that it is important to consider culture when developing a plan of care for the patient. A successful nurse does not address all patients an all cultures the same.By knowing and staying on top of the most recent research regarding cultural care the nurse increases the chances of a patient having a positive experience as opposed to a negative experience at that specific facility. Another theorist, Watson, demonstrates that care is the single most important component of nursing and everything else revolves around it. As a nurse I plan to use Ethic of Care as the major factor around nursing and use that as the foundation and move forward from there. Without the implementation of Ethic of Care you do not have a â€Å"nurse† looking at it from the ideal perspective.

Descrimination of Women Essay

Have you ever thought why people are different from each other? There are many differences such as intelligence, opinions, appearances, personalities and genders. Genders represent the differences and also similarities between men and women. Equality of women and men has been disputed for many years. Some people consider that this kind of equality is impossible because of their physical properties while others say the exact opposite. But no matter what they say, both sexes differ from each other greatly in some respect. In the past years, men used to be considered superior, so men were more important and valuable in the society than women. The stories Desiree’s baby and Trespass are focused the racism and discrimination by men on women. There we can see the both male demonism and racism which are very extremely harass women’s feelings. The both stories â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† and â€Å"Trespass† shows the relationship between men and women in different ways. Desiree’s Baby is the unfortunate story of a young woman who falls victim to both social and racial inequality by a man. The story is going around a husband and a wife. There is a clear undertone to the relationship between them. Both authors’ works focus on the choices and pressures that both of the main characters endure throughout the stories. Both females were powerless against their male society. The author Chopin takes a deep look into the personal thoughts and desires of her characters, especially married woman Desiree in the â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†. Socialized into thinking that African ancestry, the brand of slavery, is abominable, Armand suddenly hates his wife Desiree and the baby because of their tragic flaw, their African blood, which dramatically destroys his role as husband and father. When one’s racist nature eradicates unexpectedly the role of loving and caring for his or her relatives, the family system collapses miserably, thereby tracing a sense of seamless dismay, distress, and despair. On the other hand, the girl, Carla facing different problems in different ways by some boys and the society in Trespass. Carla struggles with the greasy qualities of language throughout this story. She struggles to understand the language style and struggles to describe to the police the relatively simple image of a man masturbating. Although she sees the image intensely in her head, she acks the tools to put it into communicable form, in either English or Spanish. The sexual content of the experience is no less an obstacle than her poor English. She realizes she has no word for genitalia in any language, although the policemen are able to follow her euphemistic substitutions easily enough. Her effort reveals the massive distance that a personal experience must cross in order to be comprehended by others, a fact we often take for granted, and which the policemen do not seem to sympathize with. In Desiree’s Baby, Desiree is asked to take her child and leave her husband Armand. Armand no longer loves his wife, because their son is not white. As Desiree explains the situation to her mother in a letter, she is lost and confused. â€Å"My mother, they tell me I am not white. Armand told me I am not white† (Chopin 6). Without Desiree knowing, it is Armand who is the cause of her son being black. Desiree’s character is strong, but very ignorant as to her family history. When Armand blames her for making the child not fully white, she has no rebuttal for she knows not where or who she came from. Desiree is a gentle and caring young woman for has a lot of heart and love for her family and friends. It is very sad that Desiree will never know the truth about why her child is mixed. If we take a look at the Trespass, the defining quality of the policemen is their indifference to her difficulties putting the image into words. Carla compares the policemen’s faces to images in a movie she is watching. The figure of speech suggests that the true drama is occurring in Carla’s mind as she confronts the imperfect bridge that language throws over the terrifying gulf between individuals. When the boys on the playground use ugly words to describe her new body, she feels almost as if they have the power of spells to create the body itself. Their language may not be literally magical, but it has the power of metaphor; it comes to define her body for her, rather than allowing her to come to her own private understanding of her sexual being. The discrimination and sexuality are equally incomprehensible, hostile, and inescapable for Desiree and Carla. The both stories mainly focused on the mentality of the two females who were struggled due to the inequality. Over the past years both gender had the big gap to understand each other; it is due to the concept of the racism and discrimination. Moreover the relationship between men and women has been changing since the world has developed. Social differences are the most studied characteristics between men and women. Both have unlike social distinctions. Women have more interaction than men among members of a group. Also, women develop more friendships than men. Men and women have peer pressure differences. For example, Men are disposed to follow their friend’s behavior, and more prejudice about what the group thinks about them than women. Men and women have adaptability differences.

US Trade Barriers and Globalization essays

US Trade Barriers and Globalization essays Traditional international trade involves a complex system of trade barriers to ensure the protection of domestic industry and its workers interests. The trade impediments and subsidies include protective tariffs, import quotas, non-tariff barriers i.e. licensing, and export subsidies. Originally, a countrys economy acted independently of other nations. The growing trend ever since the establishment of GATT in 1947 is globalization. In globalization, a country acts as a part of a free trading community consisting of member nations around the globe. As a trading community, trade problems can easily be resolved through negotiations rather than a trade war (McConnell 104-105). The US government employs the use of protective tariffs and export subsidies to protect and aid domestic industry. The two types of tariffs used on imports are the Antidumping (AD) duty and the Countervailing (CVD) duty. These duties shield domestic industry from foreign competition. By raising the price of imports, domestic products become more attractive to the consumer, i.e. the phrase Buy American!. Export subsidies are government payments made to domestic producers. The payments allow lower operating costs, enabling producers to compete on the world market with similarly priced goods and services. An example is US subsidization of agriculture to boost the US food supply on the world market (Import). The Department of Commerce (DOC) oversees the establishment and maintenance of trade orders, i.e. policies implementing tariffs, non-tariff barriers, import quotas, and subsidies. These orders are continually updated as new trade issues arise. Under the DOC is the International Trade Administration (ITA) which ensures the protection of domestic industry from international trade for both imports and exports. Within the ITA is the Import Administration (IA) which specifically handles the imports for ITA. Both the DOC and IA work tog...

Class Consciousness and False Consciousness as Defined by Marx

Class Consciousness and False Consciousness as Defined by Marx Class consciousness and false consciousness are concepts introduced by Karl Marx that were later expanded by social theorists who came after him. Marx wrote about the theory in his book Capital, Volume 1, and again with his frequent collaborator, Friedrich Engels, in the impassioned treatise, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Class consciousness refers to the awareness by a social or economic class of their position and interests within the structure of the economic order and social system in which they live. In contrast, false consciousness is a perception of ones relationships to social and economic systems of an individual nature, and a failure to see oneself as a part of a class with particular class interests relative to the economic order and social system. Marxs Theory of Class Consciousness According to Marxist theory, class consciousness is an awareness of ones social and/or economic class relative to others, as well as an understanding of the economic rank of the class to which you belong in the context of the larger society. In addition, class consciousness involves an understanding of the defining social and economic characteristics and collective interests of your own class within the constructs of the given socio-economic and political order. Class consciousness is a core facet of Marxs theory of class conflict, which focuses on the social, economic, and political relationships between workers and owners within a capitalist economy. The precept was developed in conjunction with his theory on how workers might overthrow the system of capitalism and then go on to create a new economic, social, and political system based on equality rather than inequality and exploitation. The Proletariat vs. the Bourgeoisie Marx believed that the capitalist system was rooted in class conflict- specifically, the economic exploitation of the proletariat (workers) by the bourgeoisie (those who owned and controlled production). He reasoned that the system only functioned as long as the workers did not recognize their unity as a class of laborers, their shared economic and political interests, and the power inherent in their numbers. Marx argued that when workers came to understand the totality of these factors, they would achieve class consciousness, and this, in turn, would lead to a workers revolution that would overthrow the exploitative system of capitalism. Hungarian social theorist Georg Lukcs, who followed in the tradition of Marxist theory, expanded the concept by saying that class consciousness is an achievement that opposes individual consciousness and results from the group struggle to see the totality of social and economic systems. The Problem of False Consciousness According to Marx, before workers developed a class consciousness they were actually living with a false consciousness. (Though Marx never used the actual term, he did develop the ideas that it encompasses.) In essence, false consciousness is the opposite of class consciousness. Individualistic rather than collective in nature, it produces a view of oneself as a single entity engaged in competition with others of ones social and economic standing, rather than as part of a group with unified experiences, struggles, and interests. According to Marx and other social theorists who followed, false consciousness was dangerous because it encouraged people to think and act in ways that were counterintuitive to their economic, social, and political self-interests. Marx saw false consciousness as a product of an unequal social system controlled by a powerful minority of elites. The false consciousness among workers, which prevented them from seeing their collective interests and power, was created by the material relations and conditions of the capitalist system, by the ideology (the dominant worldview and values) of those who control the system, and by social institutions and how they function in society. Marx cited the phenomenon of commodity fetishism- the way capitalist production frames relationships between people (workers and owners) as relationships between things (money and products)- with playing a key role in producing false consciousness among workers. He believed that commodity fetishism served to obscure the fact that relations with regard to production within a capitalist system are actually relationships between people, and that as such, they are changeable. Building on Marxs theory, Italian scholar, writer, and activist Antonio Gramsci expanded the ideological component of false consciousness by arguing that a process of cultural hegemony guided by those holding economic, social, and cultural power in society produced a common sense way of thinking that embued the status quo with legitimacy. Gramsci noted that by believing in the common sense of ones age, a person actually consents to the conditions of exploitation and domination that one experiences. This common sense- the ideology that produces false consciousness- is actually a misrepresentation and misunderstanding of the social relationships that define the economic, social, and political systems. False Consciousness in a Stratified Society An example of how cultural hegemony works to produce false consciousness- that is true both historically and today- is the belief that upward mobility is possible for all people, regardless of the circumstances of their birth, as long as they choose to dedicate themselves to education, training, and hard work. In the U.S. this belief is encapsulated in the ideal of the American Dream. Viewing society and ones place within it based on the set of assumptions derived from common sense thinking results in a perception of being an individual rather than part of a collective. Economic success and failure rest squarely on the shoulders of the individual and do not take into account the totality of the social, economic, and political systems that shape our lives. At the time Marx was writing about class consciousness, he perceived class as the relationship of people to the means of production- the owners versus the workers. While the model is still useful, we can also think about the economic stratification of our society into different classes based on income, occupation, and social status. Decades worth of demographic data reveals that the American Dream and its promise of upward mobility is largely a myth. In truth, the economic class a person is born into is the primary determinant of how he or she will fair economically as an adult. However, as long as a person believes the myth, he or she will continue to live and operate with a false consciousness. Without a class consciousness, they will fail to recognize that the stratified economic system in which theyre operating was designed to afford only the bare minimum of money to workers while funneling huge profits to the owners, executives, and financiers at the top.

Liability and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Liability and Risk Management - Essay Example I am the Account Manager for Best Western Hotels and work for a worldwide insurance broker, Aon Reed Stenhouse. It is possible Best Western may employ a staff Risk Manager, but it is more likely this function is performed by an insurance broker since only some of the very largest corporations have an in house Risk Manager. Regardless of whether done by staff or an outside agency, the functions are very similar. At this point, a distinction must be made an insurance agent and an insurance broker. An agent serves only 1 or a very few insurance companies and is paid a commission by them for a business referral. In contrast, a broker has access to the entire insurance market and therefore place coverage with any insurer or group of them in the case of subscription policies for physical damage on behalf of a client such as Best Western. Because their remuneration is derived from their client rather than insurer(s) they are usually more attuned to their customers’ needs than an agen t is. While brokers do place insurance coverage their function is much broader than that. Especially if Best Western does not have a staff Risk Manager, the brokers’ function is to supervise the hotels’ static risk management. For example, as Account Manager for Best Western, I would be responsible for liaising with them to ascertain the risks they face and advising them on the most efficient ways of dealing with each one whether by insurance, transfer to subcontractors, reduction through preventative safety measures, retention, or avoidance.   To assist me, I would have a site inspector make at least annual inspections to identify and decide how to minimize perceived hazards. I would probably also have the services of a Claims Manager who would monitor Best Westerns’ claims and if they felt an insurers’ position was wrong, go to bat for the hotel, or conversely if they agreed with the insurer try to convince the hotel their decision was right and in ac cordance with policy terms. In a nutshell my role would be to assist and advise Best Western in all maters related to static risk management. Risk Identification Although there may be slight variations in the risks associated with individual properties due to such variables as differing amenities provided or specific locations, most static risks are common to all. They include the physical risks of damage to the property itself such as by fire, smoke, earthquake ( especially in California), flood, water damage due to leakage from plumbing and fire

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile Essay

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile - Essay Example According to Social Education (2000), the problems with the Irish potato crop were first reported in the Dublin Evening Post on September 9, 1845. During this time, the previously healthy green fields of potato plants turned black because potatoes were rotting underground. At first, the cause of the crop failure was unknown. It was later revealed that the blight was the result of a fungus known as Phytophethora infestans, which probably arrived in Europe from North America. There had been similar potato crop failures on the east coast of the United States in 1842 and 1843. The blight spread quickly through Holland and Belgium, arriving in Ireland in 1845, when it destroyed 30% of the potato crop. In 1846, 1848, and 1849, nearly the entire potato crop failed. Although the blight did not strike in 1847, people starved because they had eaten any unspoiled â€Å"seed potatoes† during the terrible winter of 1846-47. The British government decided not to provide replacement seed potatoes in 1847.The first official government response to the potato blight was to estimate damage to the crop. Police reported crop losses weekly. Experts also investigated the situation and suggested possible â€Å"remedies†, which were wishful thinking. At first, Br itish Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel purchased American Indian corn to help feed the hungry, and he set up small-scale public work relief projects. Later, the government and private charities set up food kitchens where they distributed soup, but such efforts were quickly overwhelmed by the magnitude of the problem. The situation for the Irish worsened when Peel and his supporters were replaced by a new government headed by Lord John Russell. Like most leading British thinkers and government officials at that time, he believed in laissez-faire economics. This theory held that government involvement in the economy (like aid to the hungry) would only increase problems like scarcity in the long run. Laissez-faire is a French phrase that means "leave it alone"; in other words, let market forces determine supply and price, with no government help or intervention. Thus, the British exported grain and livestock from Ireland to England (to pay for rent, tithing, and taxes) while the Irish pe ople were dying from hunger and famine-related diseases. There was also strong sentiment in England that Ireland was responsible for its own troubles and that local resources had to be used for relief ("A Brief History of the Potato in Ireland", 2000). As a result of the errors of the British Colonial Policies, the Feeney family had to make a choice to counteract the effect that the potato famine. Amidst the farewell party, however, the family masked to some degree the distress of the parents, who do not want their children to leave even though the parents realize that the departure of their children is a financial necessity. The father retreated to the barn for a time to hide his feelings, while the mother, to keep from crying, immerses herself in serving food and similar party necessities: The people were dancing, laughing and singing with a certain forced and boisterous gaiety that failed to hide from them the real cause of their being there, dancing, singing and laughing. For the dance was on account of Patrick Feeney's two children, Mary and

The commercial edge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The commercial edge - Essay Example The Commercial Edge Inc. is an organization offering professional quality commercial landscaping on a contractual basis. The services are offered to commercial clients only, meaning those individual households do not qualify (Hughes n. p). This is because the company has vast experience of working with commercial firms and understands their requirements and professional impressions (Hughes n. p). The business also offers favorable rates to commercial clients who have the option of contracting them instead of employing full time laborers. However, the potential problems are also present in this business, such as it is not easy to secure contracts with commercial clients. This arises because they prefer the full time gardeners to commercial landscapers because of the perceived charges attached. Another problem is that the professional landscaping is still not popular among the commercial clients (Hughes n. p). As a result, it requires publicity to inform the potential clients of the benefits associated with this new venture. It is also apparent that the domestic gardeners offer cheap services and do not have a contractual responsibility, making it a lucrative

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Example for Free

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Ashley Floyd Fields This dissertation examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a Literature Review and a study of measures within organizations. In the Literature Review, the nature and experience of the use of intuitive skills and abilities will be examined and discussed. Research questions regarding the relationship between intuitive-type thought processes and methods of thinking and decision-making are considered. Finally, the Literature Review will explore rational and non-logical processing styles in decision-making and the organizational positioning which call for an intuitive approach. Using a survey instrument, the study will examine group differences in measures for individuals having various positions and functions within a variety of organizations. Dr. Gary Salton’s Organizational Engineering concepts (Salton, 1996) which are consistent with the concept of intuition, provide the focus of this study. Organizational Engineering differs from other theories by looking at intuition as a phenomenon arising naturally from the information processing and decision-making methods and modes employed by individuals. The research question is: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? The research question was tested by five interrelated hypotheses. Three hypotheses were designed to examine both the Reactive Stimulator and Relational Innovator style component and their proposed relationship to hierarchy. In addition, two hypotheses were designed to test Research Development, Information Technology, and Customer Service for the relative level of intuition required to discharge these functional responsibilities effectively. All of the study hypotheses were found to perform as anticipated at a very high level of significance. However, in Hypothesis 2, the level of Reactive Stimulator did vary systematically within leadership ranks. Ashley Floyd Fields In fact, individuals using an unpatterned method (organization of data being input) and a thought and/or action mode (character of intended output) would arrive at decision options which would not appear to follow any of the standard, logical, and/or existing processes. Thus, an outside observer would tend to attribute the unexpected idea as arising from some sort of insight process founded on intuition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation, I continually thought of its beginning, when, in an intuitive moment, I decided to research the use of rational and non-rational thought processing within organizations. I believed then, and especially now, the topic would provide significant insight to the behavior within organizations at the individual, group and organizational levels. The process I have gone through is not unlike what happens today in organizations. At various stages of development, I received a spectrum of responses, both encouraging and challenging. What I thought was â€Å"cutting edge† research many times felt like â€Å"bleeding edge† because one of the characteristics associated with intuition is the inability to fully explain how you arrived at the answer being professed. Fortunately, as happens in organizations, knowledgeable individuals stepped forward and supported going forward with the research. At this time, I would like to gratefully acknowledge my committee members: Dr. Ron Fetzer, Dr. William Snow, Dr. Bill Harrington, and Dr. Joe Balloun. For anyone who has been or is currently in a doctoral program, you know words are inadequate to express appreciation for people who have dedicated themselves so that others, like myself, could achieve such a significant milestone as the completion of the research process. Another critical and crucial supporter of this work is Dr. Gary Salton. Dr. Salton exemplifies the intuitive practitioner who, years ago, began developing the concept of Organizational Engineering and compiling the database which became the basis for this research. His unselfish contributions enable us all to benefit from organizational insights to this research which can facilitate new methods and better results at all levels for organizational workers. Also during the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have been blessed to have discussed this work personally with individuals well known in the fields of business, organizational development, and change management. I wish to thank the following people whose conversations were both encouraging and enlightening: Dr. Weston Agor, Dr. Bill Taggart, Patricia Aburdene, Dr. Charles Garfield, Dr. Elliott Jaques, Dr. Warren Bennis, and Sharon Franquemont. In addition, I wish to thank the individuals who have assisted me in various ways over the years. Lest I should unintentionally leave one or two out, I say to them sincerely â€Å"Much Thanks†. Without you I know I would not have made it. As you read this, you will know in your hearts and minds who you are. Last but not least, I would like to express my love and appreciation for my family, who have sacrificed time and resources during both the course of study and the writing of this dissertation: To my loving and supportive wife, Sharon, who wanted me to finish as much as I did; to my children, Whitney and Geoffrey, who wondered if they would graduate high school before I completed my course of study; and to my parents who, â€Å"May They Rest in Peace†, did not live to see this moment in time, at least not from here on earth. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Research Question Definition of Terms Overview of Total Research Study 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Intuition Major Theorists Researchers Management Oriented Research 28 Instrumentation Summary 3. METHODOLOGY Variables Relational Innovator Dimension: Hypothesis 1 Reactive Stimulator Dimension: Hypothesis 2 Organizational Level: Hypothesis 3 Relational Innovator/ Reactive Stimulator: Hypothesis 4 Hypothetical Analyzer/ Logical Processor: Hypothesis 5 I-OPTTM Instrument Database Subjects Population Instrument Design Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data Analysis Environment Summary 4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 9 9 10 18 40 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 54 55 55 57 59 59 60 60 63 67 ix xiÃ'Ž Hypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview of Significant Findings Limitations of this Study Implications for Human Resource Management Professionals Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions Appendix A. I-OPTTM SURVEY B. THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY C. PERMISSION LETTER D. CLASSIFICATION OF HIERARCHICAL LEVELS REFERENCES CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 78 82 83 83 85 85 88 90 91 93 96 98 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10A. 10B. 11. 12. 13. 14A. 14B. 15. 16. 17A. 17B. 18. 19. 20A. Instruments Measuring Intuition Examples of Work Groups in the Database Types of Industries/Areas Included in Database Organizational Distribution of Experts Occupational Positions of Experts Educational Achievements of Experts Statistical Results of Hypothesis 1: Relation of Hierarchical and Relational Innovator Levels Statistical Results of Hypothesis 2: Relation of Hierarchical and Reactive Stimulator Levels Mann-Whitney Test Results of Hypothesis 2a : Leaders versus the Population in Reactive Stimulator Score Hypothesis 2: Leader Median and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Hypothesis 2: Population MedianÃ'Ž and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Non-Parametric Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Relation of Hierarchical Position to Conservator Pattern Levels Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Hypothesis 3: Population Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 3: Leader Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Comparison of Research Development and Information Technology Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Comparison of Information Technology and Research Development Functions Hypothesis 4: Mean Research Development Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 4: Mean Information Technology Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Comparison of Population and Customer Service Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Pattern Comparison of Customer Service And Population Hypothesis 5: Mean Customer Service Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Page 40 52 53 58 58 59 61 63 66 66 67 68 70 71 72 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 20B. 21. Hypothesis 5: Mean Population Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hierarchical Distribution of LeaderAnalysisTM Database 80 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10A. 10B. 10C. 11A. 11B. 11C. Basic Information Processing Model Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode Summary of Strategic Patterns Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hypothesis 1: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 1: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Mean Scores  by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Score by Population and Leader Hypothesis 3: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Leader Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Median Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Percent of Cases above Median by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Mean Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 5: Median Scores by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Mean Scores by Population and Customer Service Page 3 3 4 8 16 62 62 64 65 69 69 72 73 76 77 77 81 81 82 CHAPTER 1 Introduction This study examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a literature review and study of measures currently being used within organizations. Human behaviorists have examined why the performance of some people get them to the top while others around them remain in lower levels of the organization. They have considered situations such as, given the same information, one person completes a problem-solving process much sooner than another with nearly the same responses and wondered how that happened. This research focuses on the relationship between intuitive thought, organization level; and function. It explores the use of intuition in decision-making and the organizational conditions which call for an intuitive approach. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to determine the systematic use of intuitive skills and abilities in business organizations. Management research historically has been biased toward the analytical process in decision-making. This rational approach has been more popular as the preferred and acceptable method for studying management practices. Alternative unstructured methods have been ignored or labeled irrational in the negative sense. However, since this study’s focus is centered on working adults, judgment can be reached using other non-logical thought processes such as intuition, which take into account years of expertise, considerable introspection, and/or informal rules learned over time. This study identifies major theorists and their opinions and findings, as well as their sources of learning. However, no attempt is made to  exhaustively identify all sources referencing the theories and studies related to intuition. Primary examination is given to twentieth century researchers, although earlier authors of prominence are noted in selected cases. Significance of the Study Eisenhardt (1989) linked rapid decision-making to such characteristics as decisive, operations-focused, hands on, and instinctive. Therefore, fast decision-making is linked to effective performance. As an example of behavior linked to fast decisionmaking, Eisenhardt found executives gathered real time information on firm operations and the competitive environment which resulted in a deep, intuitive grasp of the business. This intuitively-based understanding translates into improved business performance. Many managers report using intuition in their decision-making, in spite of the deeply rooted bias against non-rational methods (Agor, 1984a; Agor, 1984b; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974; Isaack, 1978; Mintzberg, 1976; and Rowan, 1986). Reports of managers use of intuition ranges from inferential processes, performed under their own pre-existing database (Agor, 1986a,b,c,d) to acceptance and use of predictive abilities (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). Successful decision-makers have been found to have great predictive abilities (Cosier and Alpin, 1982; and Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). However, many managers remain unwilling to acknowledge their use of intuition, fearing negative responses from their colleagues (Agor, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d). Additional researchers who influence this study are Barnard (1968), Vaughan (1979), Hermann (1981), Isenberg (1984), Simon (1987), and Parikh (1994). This study seeks to redefine intuition in a form which is acceptable to the rationalistic school and yet accommodates the scholarly but more inferential approaches. The study explores the use of intuition in an extensive cross section of people in organized environments. Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Gary Salton (1996) developed the Organizational Engineering theory as a way of measuring and predicting the behavior of interactive groups of people. In Salton’s theory, human beings are regarded as information processing organisms, by which, the human is bound to the Input-Process-Output model (Figure 1) common to all information processors, regardless of their format. INPUT PROCESS Figure 1 Basic Information Processing Model (Salton, 1996, p. 9) OUTPUT Salton’s (1996) theory proposes the type of information sought and the intended direction of the output predetermines processing behavior. For example, if the subject does not collect detail in the input phase of the process, his output will not likely be tightly structured, logical, precise, or optimal relative to the issue being addressed. Rather, minimal output will probably result. In effect, therefore an individual using an opportunistic strategy obtains speed of response at the price of precision. Salton’s (1996) theory maintains an input-process-output model is largely governed by two large-scale factors: method and mode, which are conceived as continuums. Method (Figure 2) governs the character of input. At one end of the continuum is what Salton calls an unpatterned method. Using the unpatterned strategy, an individual simply acquires whatever information is readily available and appears relevant to the issue at hand. UNPATTERNED STRUCTURED â€Å"An Available Way† Convenient Expedient Opportune Spontaneous METHOD (INFORMATION ORGANIZATION) â€Å"A Predefined Way† Template Formula Scheme Pattern Map Figure 2 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49). The other end of the method continuum (Salton, 1996) is defined as a structured methodology. Here the individual has some form of structure and attempts to apply it to acquire information, which appears relevant to the issue at hand. An individual can move to any point on the continuum trading speed, precision, understanding and certainty of outcome with every increment along the scale. Salton (1996) defines the other large-scale characteristic as mode. This is visualized also as a continuum (Figure 3) ranging from thought on one polar extreme to action on the other. Salton defines thought not as a cognitive activity but rather as an intermediate result. Therefore, under Salton’s definition, a plan requiring many hours of physical activity and which might fill reams of paper will still be considered a thought based response. It is intermediate. It has no effect on the outside world or the issue being addressed until it is acted upon. Action (Salton, 1996) is the other end of the mode continuum. Here, the subject acts directly to affect the issue in question. This action may or may not have been preceded by thought as defined by Salton. From this perspective of intuition theory, action can be seen as a more decisive, aggressive, or positive response by an external observer. Thought, on the other hand, appears to the outside observer to be more rational, reflective, or coherent. Therefore, a subject tending to favor the action end of Salton’s continuum will tend to be seen as decisive, operations-focused, and hands-on. These characteristics were associated with people employing intuitive strategies (Eisenhardt, 1989). THOUGHT ACTION â€Å"An Intermediate Step† Plans Assessments Evaluations Judgements Advise Counsel MODE (DIRECTION FOR USE OF INFORMATION) â€Å" A Direct Effect on the Issue under Consideration†Ã¢â‚¬  Initiative Intervention Act Execution Figure 3 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49) These basic components of Salton’s theory carry major implications for the study of intuition theory. Various combinations of method and mode produce behaviors paralleling the behaviors attributed to intuition. For example, a person using an unpatterned approach appears to an outside observer to be following a more intuitive strategy. There appears to be no logical structure to the information required. The logic exists, but it is in the mind of the subject and concerns the potential relevance of information to the specific issue being addressed. If questioned, the subject may or may not be able to readily articulate why a particular element of information was selected. The outcome of this process is entirely consistent with rapid decision-making, displaying characteristics that are considered instinctive—a phenomenon often attributed to intuition (Eisenhardt, 1989). The use of the unpatterned end of Salton’s continuum also produces results consistent with Clark’s (1973) view, since the person will not know how he knows what he knows. The mode element of Salton’s theory also has implications for intuition theory. The thought side of Salton’s continuum focuses primarily on intermediate steps (study, assessment, evaluation, etc. ), many of which are not observable. Therefore, a person using an unpatterned method and thought mode may experience intuitive insights not visibly displayed. A person using an unpatterned method with an action mode, however, will exhibit behaviors an observer can readily attribute to intuition. Inputs potentially useful to address the issue at hand are quickly acquired and promptly applied. A portion of these will successfully address the issue at hand and may be noticed by others who interact with the decision-maker. These outsiders may comment on the decision-maker’s insight, further establishing or reinforcing the decision-maker’s self-conception as being intuitive. An example may help illustrate this situation. Consider a situation in which a person uses an unpatterned method to address a particular issue, such as when an executive interacts with the Board of Directors or with special interest groups. The person would begin indiscriminately seizing information, to help resolve the issue. If the person is also using an action mode, he will tend to apply the information without hesitation. If it works, the search is over. If it does not, he or she returns to the environment, picks up another piece of information, and cycles through the process again. The indiscriminate acquisition of information increases the probability of discovering an improbable but valid way of addressing the issue. In other words, by not following an established structure, the person increases the odds of a serendipitous discovery or of a previously unrecognized approach to resolve a problem. This type of resolution is easily attributable to insight or intuition since it is unexpected and not readily attributable to an obvious antecedent. Intangible concepts like intuition may be the real stimulus. Because research in information acquisition is limited as well as in planning the application, the cycles can occur very rapidly. The use of the action mode increases the probability an individual will repeatedly demonstrate intuitive-type results in a manner visible to others. This often-observed style or behavior in turn suggests an innate quality. Hence, the person is considered to be intuitive. Similarly, method and mode operate in a continuum; thus, people would exhibit degrees of intuition. However, the more committed a person is using an unpatterned method for information acquisition, the more likely they will display behavior attributable to intuition, and whom others will describe as using an intuitive strategy. The focus on this combination of method and mode is similar to other thinkers in the field. For example, many issues addressed at the senior executive level do not have a readily identifiable structure of information acquisition. Some have parameters encouraging thought based (i. e. , intermediate) responses, while others will require immediate action/reaction. Therefore Salton suggests executives will use both nonlogical and logical methods in the conduct of their ordinary affairs—just as Barnard (1968) also proposed and Agor (1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d) confirmed. Salton does not directly address intuition in his research because his focus is on the interactive behavior people use in group activity. Other theorists and researchers have relied on psychologically based processes, which are not readily visible to external observers. However, as demonstrated above, Salton’s theory can readily serve as a vehicle for integrating the works of multiple authors who have written extensively on intuition. In addition, Salton’s theory has the merit of using ratio-scaled variables that allow people to express degrees of commitment to one or another strategy (i. e. , method and mode) which can be measured and tested. This study proposes the behavior a person exhibits using unpatterned information acquisition methods and action-based output modes will be consistent with the work found by numerous intuition theorists. This study also proposes the use of these strategies (unpatterned method, action mode) will be systematically exhibited in a manner consistent with the findings of others. Research Question This study will focus on the following research question with regards to management decision-making and the use of intuition: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? Definition of Terms Organizational Engineering theory adopts a set of variables useful in describing the operation of the theory. This section defines these, as well as other terms applied in this study. Intuition – A way of perceiving which relies on relationships, meanings, and possibilities beyond the reach of the conscious mind (Myers and McCaulley, 1985) and includes behavioral attributes (Brown, 1990). A way of knowing in which we often do not know how we know what we know (Vaughan, 1979). Hypothetical Analyzer – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Logical Processor – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Reactive Stimulator – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using unpatterned methods (Salton, 1996). Relational Innovator – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using unpatterned method (Salton, 1996). Changer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Reactive Stimulator (Salton, 1996). Conservator – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Logical Processor and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Perfector – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Performer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Reactive Stimulator and Logical Processor (Salton, 1996). Figure 4 (Salton, 1996) illustrates the various combinations and their resulting strategic patterns, given different primary and secondary strategic profiles. PATTERN Changer Conservator Performer Reactive Stimulator (RS) Logical Processor (LP) Figure 4 Summary of Strategic Patterns. Perfector Relational Innovator (RI) Hypothetical Analyzer (HA) Overview of Total Research Study Chapter 2 reviews the findings of major authors in the field of intuition research and forms the foundation for the testable hypotheses to be used to examine the research question. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Intuition is a relatively new subject of academic interest. Literature on the subject, particularly on its use in decision-making did not become prevalent until the early 1970s (Argyris, 1973a, 1973b; Clark, 1973; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, Schroeder, 1974; Jung, 1971; Leavitt, 1975a, 1975b; Livingston, 1971; Mintzberg, 1973, 1975, 1976; and Simon, 1977). These works, along with research in the 1980s, incorporated intuition related literature and research prior to the 1970s and as far back as the 1950s (Riggs, 1987). This research study concentrates specifically on the research literature as it relates to the use of intuition in decision-making among organization managers and executives. Various organizational environments are examined in the literature review and thus, may be reasonably considered an overview of the subject. This research is classified into two categories: (1) theoretical developments concerning the concept of intuition, and (2) survey studies supporting the premise for using intuition in decision-making. The overview provides information on the use of intuition in business organizations as a function of leadership and decision-making; and explores various well- established methodologies as well as those still in development. Definition of Intuition The term intuition is defined as â€Å"knowing something instinctively; a state of being aware of or knowing something without having to discover or perceive it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Encarta, 1999). Intuition is seen as an innate capacity not directly accessible by considering the process which gives rise to a judgment or action involving it. Thus, intuition seems to be a residual process accommodating whatever can’t be explained by other means. The literature reflects the inherent lack of obvious conceptual framework for the term intuition. Some of the alternative descriptors are ESP, psi, judgment, insight, and gut feelings (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974); hunch (Barnard, 1968); extrasensory perception (Leavitt, 1975b); non-rational (Cohen and March, 1974); recognition (Goldberg, 1983; Ray and Myers, 1986), and edge (Tichy, 1997). Such non-specific definitions suggest that different authors and researchers could be describing different processes or even measuring different phenomenon. Conversely, experts could be referring to the same phenomenon with different labels. Major Theorists This study attempts to capture the value of various theorists’ approaches by focusing on the central contribution of each, and how these compare or contrast to Organizational Engineering theory. Theorists are often classified as personality based such as Jung or transpersonal based such as Vaughan. The more classical theorists’ approach view intuition as a distinct pattern of thought from the rational mode (Jung, 1971), while the transpersonal theorists’ approach considers the integration of rational and intuitive approaches and considers them both valid and separate, as well as complementary (Goldberg, 1983; Vaughan, 1979) One of the most important figures to focus on the concept of intuition is Carl Jung. His theory of psychological types is the basis for the development of the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1992). Jung’s theory of intuition suggests intuition is a psychological function present in all people to varying degrees and is manifested in personality types. Jung defines intuition as a perception and comprehension of the whole at the expense of details attributable to unconscious process. Intuition is thus viewed as a cognitive function outside the province of reason and given consideration whenever established rational or other cognitive concepts do not work. In short, it is the perception of reality in which the intuitive knows, but does not know how he knows (Clark, 1973). Later, Jung broadens his thoughts on personality types by introducing the concept of synchronicity, which further helps to explain intuitive-type feelings and visions not attributable to coincidence (Rowan, 1986). Jung uses such phrases for intuition as hunches, inspiration, and insight to problem-solving methods, all of which reflect little patience for detail or routine (Behling and Eckel, 1991). Vaughan (1979) describes four levels of intuition: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. The theorists, writers and researchers describe intuition in both psychological and physiological terms. Intuition experienced through physical levels includes bodily sensations such as tension or discomfort. This is not to say however that every bodily sensation indicates an intuitive message, but these physical symptoms can be used for self-awareness, as well as a source of warnings and signs. Emotional intuitive messages take several forms, such as liking or disliking something or someone for no apparent reason, feeling the need to perform an action or do something, and sensing energy levels in oneself or others. Emotional level intuition can be used to deepen one’s self-awareness and to understand others (Vaughan, 1979). The mental level of intuition is typically experienced as images or ideas. It may appear as the perception of patterns, insights, or images, especially in problem-solving situations. Intuition at the mental level can be used to trigger creativity, explore problem-solving areas not previously mined, and to enhance learning (Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition does not rely on sensations, feelings, or thoughts. In fact, these are considered being distracters at the spiritual level (Blackwell, 1987; Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition is a means for improving self-awareness and transpersonal experiences. Vaughan does not clarify whether a single intuition mode is responsible for all four types or whether unique factors exist for each type. This generality suggests Vaughan is defining taxonomy rather than a theoretical specification which can be tested and validated through scientific methods. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory however does account for all facets of Vaughan’s taxonomy. Salton’s theory focuses on inputs and outputs, regardless of the source or the outcome. Vaughan’s physical, emotional, mental or spiritual intuitive factors can be accounted for with equal facility. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory argues intuition is the result of a single process. Therefore, there is no operational need to specify the source or destination of the input-output chain (Salton, 2000). Vaughan’s approach may be of value in describing intuition but it is not suitable to test the concept. Like Vaughan, Salton is indifferent to the source of the input providing the initial drive toward an external response. Further, Salton makes no judgment about the value, or lack of value, of these explanations. The rational approach to intuition accepts the notion that the human mind has alternative methods of processing information and these methods influence behaviors. For example, Jung posits four independent but interacting categories of cognition— intuition, thinking, feeling, and sensing. Each of these cate.